Intermediates and enzymes of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate notably in its (E)-form of the non-mevalonate biosynthetic pathway to isoprenoids. The invention also provides a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate. Further, screening methods for inhibitors of these proteins are provided. Further, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is provided and chemical and enzymatic methods of its preparation.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof for the efficient formation of a biosynthetic product or intermediate or enzyme of a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate-dependent biosynthetic pathway. Further, the invention relates to vectors for producing them. Further, the invention relates to their use for the formation or production of intermediates or products or enzymes of said biosynthetic pathway as well as to enzymes and intermediates. Further, the invention relates to the screening for inhibitors or enzymes for said biosynthetic pathway.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The system of biosynthetic pathways in any organism is highly streamlined, whereby a few central trunk pathways branch into a great number of peripheral pathways. The central trunk pathways involve starting materials which are highly integrated. Therefore, central or trunk pathways are highly regulated. At the same time they are crucial for any attempts to interfere with the metabolism of any organism either by an inhibitor or by metabolic engineering.

[0003] The isoprenoid pathways are a prime example for this metabolic organisation. They are very long and highly branched, leading to some 30,000 isoprenoid or terpenoid compounds. They all seem to derive from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). They are produced by two alternative trunk pathways (reviewed in Eisenreich et al., 2001). By the classical research of Bloch, Cornforth, Lynen and co-workers, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) have become established as key intermediates in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids via mevalonate. However, many bacteria, plastids of all plants, and the protozoon Plasmodium falciparum synthesize IPP and DMAPP by an alternative pathway via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. The discovery of the pathway was mainly based on the incorporation of isotope-labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into the isoprenoid side chain of menaquinones from Escherichia coli (Arigoni and Schwarz, 1999). This mevalonate-independent pathway has so far only been partially explored (FIG. 1). For a better understanding of these aspects of the invention, the pathway shall be briefly explained. It can be divided into three segments:

[0004] In a first pathway segment shown in FIG. 1, pyruvate (1) is condensed with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (2) to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) (3). Subsequently, DXP is converted into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) (4) by a two-step reaction comprising a rearrangement and a reduction. This establishes the 5-carbon isoprenoid skeleton.

[0005] In the subsequent segment of the mevalonate-independent pathway (FIG. 1), MEP (4) is first condensed with CTP to 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol (CDP-ME) (5) by 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol synthase (PCT/EP00/07548). CDP-ME (5) is subsequently ATP-dependent phosphorylated by 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase yielding 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-MEP) (6). The intermediate is subsequently converted into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (cMEPP) (7) by 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (PCT/EP00/107548). These three enzymatic steps form a biosynthetic unit which activates the isoprenoid C₅-skeleton for the third pathway segment (Rohdich et al., 1999; Lüttgen et al., 2000; Herz et al., 2000).

[0006] Bioinformatic studies (German Patent Application 10027821.3), as well as studies with mutants of Synechocystis sp. (Cunningham et al., 2000) and Escherichia coli (Campos et al., 2001; Altincicek et al., 2001) demonstrate the involvement of lytB and gcpE genes in the isoprenoid pathway. However, the function and the reaction catalyzed by the corresponding gene products are still unknown.

[0007] Recently, a kinase (XylB) has been described that catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate at high rates (Wungsintaweekul et al., 2000). Genes and enzymes participating in further downstream reactions have been described. However, the gene functions, the intermediates, and the mechanisms leading to the products are still unknown.

[0008] For numerous pathogenic eubacteria as well as for the malaria parasite P. falciparum, the enzymes involved in the non-mevalonate pathway are essential. The intermediates of the mevalonate-independent pathway cannot be assimilated from the environment by pathogenic eubacteria and P. falciparum. The enzymes of the alternative isoprenoid pathway do not occur in mammalia which synthesize their isoprenoids and terpenoids exclusively via the mevalonate pathway. Moreover, the idiosyncratic nature of the reactions in this pathway reduces the risk of cross-inhibitions with other, notably mammalian enzymes.

[0009] Therefore, enzymes of the alternative isoprenoid pathway seem to be specially suited as targets for novel agents against pathogenic microorganisms and herbicides. The elucidation of unknown steps and the identification of these targets, e.g. genes and cognate enzymes of these pathways is obligatory for this purpose.

[0010] A further source of interest in the non-mevalonate pathway derives from the fact certain pathogens like Mycobacteria, Plasmodia, Escherichia etc. use this pathway to activate γδ T cells (Fournié and Bonneville, 1996). Therefore, γδ T cells likely act as a first line of defense against infections by such pathogens. Intermediates of the non-mevalonate pathway have been suggested to be responsible for γδ T cell activation (Jomaa et al, 1999). Recently, it was show that E. coli strains lost the ability to stimulate γδ T cells when the dxr or the gcpE gene was knocked out (Altincicek et al, 2001).

[0011] Moreover, there is a great biotechnological interest in these pathways, since they lead to valuable vitamins and isoprenoid or terpenoid products.

[0012] Previous attempts to approach these goals have been hampered by the low rate of biosynthesis along these pathways in wild-type cells studied so far.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] It is an object of the invention to provide enzymes and nucleic acids coding for said enzymes as well as intermediates for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.

[0014] It has surprisingly been found that the intermediate in the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate is 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate. This intermediate is formed by an enzyme encoded by gcpE as designated in the E. coli genome. It has further been found that this enzyme prefers as reductant NADH or NADPH. Further, it has been found that it is promoted by Co²⁺.

[0015] The above intermediate is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate by an enzyme encoded by lytB as designated in the E. coli genome. The latter enzyme prefers as reductant NADH or NADPH and FAD as mediator. Further it can be promoted by ions of a metal selected from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel.

[0016] With these findings, the third segment of the trunk non-mevalonate pathway is now established. The key to these findings is the intermediate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its E-form. This establishes the unifying principle of the invention for reactions to and from this intermediate.

[0017] Further, it is an object of the invention to provide cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof for the efficient biosynthesis of isoprenoid products or intermediates of the non-mevalonate biosynthetic pathway dependent on 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate production from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose and/or glucose.

[0018] The present invention produces a novel in vivo system which can be used for the structure elucidation of unknown intermediates and the assignment of biological functions of putative genes or cognate enzymes in the alternative isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. As an example, the functional assignment of the gcpE gene (now designated as ispG) and of the lytB gene (now designated ispH) in the mevalonate-independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis is achieved.

[0019] More specifically, said in vivo system consists of recombinant E. coli strains harbouring vector construct(s) carrying and expressing genes for D-xylulokinase (xylB), and genes of further downstream steps of terpenoid biosynthesis, such as dxs, dxr, and/or ispD, and/or ispE, and/or ispF, and/or gcpE, and/or lytB from E. coli, and/or a carotenoid gene cluster from Erwinia uredovora.

[0020] In one aspect of the invention, the genetically modified strains can be fed with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, notably with isotope-labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, which is converted at high rates into the common intermediate of the mevalonate-independent terpenoid pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, and into further intermediates of said pathway, like 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate, 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Further, feeding with glucose or an intermediate of glycolysis for conversion into said further intermediates of said pathway may be performed.

[0021] Said systems are useful for the structure elucidation of hitherto elusive intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways, for in vivo screening of novel antibiotics, antimalarials, and herbicides, and as a platform for the bioconversion of exogenous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose and/or glucose into intermediates and products of the non-mevalonate pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis.

[0022] Said systems can also be used for screening chemical libraries for potential herbicides, and/or antimalarials, and/or antimicrobial substances by detecting and measuring the amount of certain intermediates formed in vivo in the presence or absence of potential inhibitors of the gene products of mevalonate-independent isoprenoid pathway genes, namely dxs, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, gcpE, and lytB.

[0023] Said system can further be used for the production of higher isoprenoids (e.g. isoprenoids having 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 carbon atoms) such as carotene, α-tocopherole or vitamins by boosting the bioynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate via the non-mevalonate pathway, e.g. by using glucose as feeding material. Further feeding materials which may be used are intermediates or products of glycolysis like glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or pyruvate.

[0024] Further, this invention provides novel compounds of formula I (see below), notably 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate as well as enzymatic and chemical methods for preparing said compounds. As demonstrated herein, (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is produced from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate by the gcpE gene product.

[0025] It is further demonstrated herein that (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is converted to dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate by the lytB gene product.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES AND ANNEXES

[0026]FIG. 1: Biosynthesis of both isoprenoid precursors, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate via the mevalonate-independent pathway.

[0027]FIG. 2: Scheme of an Escherichia coli in vivo system for generating optionally isotopically labelled intermediates of biosynthetic pathways such as the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthesis, and for the production of higher terpenoids such as carotenoids.

[0028]FIG. 3: ¹H NMR spectra in D₂O (pH 6) obtained according to Example 25. * indicates impurities.

[0029]FIG. 4: Preparation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate according to Example 24. Reagents and conditions were as follows: (a) DHP, PPTS, 25° C. (2.5 h); (b) Ph₃PCHCO₂Et, toluene, reflux (39 h); (c) (1) DIBAH, CH₂Cl₂, −78° C. (3 h), (2) 1 M NaOH/H₂O; (d) p-TsCl, DMAP, CH₂Cl₂, 25° C. (1 h); (e) ((CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₄N)₃HP₂O₇, MeCN, 25° C. (2 h); (f), HCl/H₂O pH 1, 25° C. (7 min).

[0030]FIG. 5: The reaction catalyzed by the ispH (formerly lytB) gene product.

[0031]FIG. 6: The reaction catalyzed by the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene product.

[0032]FIG. 7: Chemical preparation of 3-formyl-but-2-enyl 1-diphosphate (see example 42).

[0033] Annex A: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxr.

[0034] Annex B: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxrispD.

[0035] Annex C: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclo.

[0036] Annex D: DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYCgcpE.

[0037] Annex E: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScaro14.

[0038] Annex F: DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYCcaro14.

[0039] Annex G: DNA sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence of the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene from Escherichia coli.

[0040] Annex H: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpE.

[0041] Annex I: DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYClytBgcpE.

[0042] Annex J: DNA and corresponding amino acid sequence of the ispH (formerly lytB) gene from Escherichia coli.

[0043] Annex K: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpElytB2.

[0044] Annex L: DNA and corresponding amino acid sequence of the ispG gene (fragment) from Arabidopsis thaliana.

[0045] Annex M: DNA and corresponding amino acid sequence of the ispG (forrmly gcpE) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana.

[0046] Annex N: cDNA sequence of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (lspH) from Arabidopsis thaliana

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0047] 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a common intermediate in the alternative terpenoid pathway via 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate. This latter pathway is operative in bacteria, certain protozoa and most significantly also in the plastids of plants, where it is in charge of the biosynthesis of a great many valuable terpenoid products, like natural rubber, carotenoids, menthol, menthone, camphor or paclitaxel. The alternative terpenoid pathway is now intensely studied. But so far only the initial steps from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (FIG. 1) have been elucidated.

[0048] The intermediate 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is of most crucial significance for a number of commercial purposes:

[0049] (1) It may be used as a key intermediate for commercial screening procedures regarding potential inhibitors of downstream enzymes in the biosynthesis of the alternative terpenoid pathway.

[0050] (2) It may be used as a key intermediate for the in vitro production of terpenoids or of intermediates thereof.

[0051] (3) It occurs in vivo in the biosynthesis of terpenoids as an enzymatic condensation product of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate. The latter are central intermediates of the metabolism and obligatory starting materials for numerous biosynthetic pathways. Therefore, it is desirable to generate a high level of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate in vivo from an exogenous source and thus independent from the pools of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate for boosting the biosynthesis of terpenoids or of intermediates thereof in microorganisms or cell cultures that are either naturally or recombinantly endowed with the pathway of interest without influencing the basic intermediary metabolism of the cells.

[0052] (4) 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate can be generated from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose by the catalytic action of the xylB gene product. Using recombinant strains comprising the xylB gene the reaction occurs in vivo and exogenous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is converted into intracellular 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate at high rates.

[0053] (5) 1-DXP can be generated fro glucose by the catalytic action of glycolytic enzymes and DXP-synthase. Using recombinant strains comprising the dxs gene, the reaction occurs in vivo and exogeneous glucose is converted to intracellular 1-DXP at high rates.

[0054] It is an aspect of the invention to use 1-deoxy-D-xylulose as a precursor in order to boost the rates of biosynthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate-dependent pathways. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose can be prepared by various published procedures (Blagg and Poulter,1999; Kennedy et al., 1995; Piel and Boland, 1997; Shono et al., 1983; Giner, 1998).

[0055] It is an aspect of the present invention to use 1-deoxy-D-xylulose in various isotopically labelled forms. It may be labelled by radioactive isotopes or non-radioactive isotopes of C (¹³C or ¹⁴C), H (D or T) or 0 (¹⁷O or ¹⁸O) in any combination.

[0056] Isotope-labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose may be prepared enzymatically using 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase of Bacillus subtilis and commercially available glycolytic enzymes and phosphatase from isotope-labelled glucose and/or pyruvate (PCT/EP00/07548).

[0057] 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose may be used as a free acid or as a salt, preferably as an alkaline (e. g., lithium, sodium, potassium) salt or as an ammonium or amine salt.

[0058] It is an aspect of the present invention to use recombinant cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof for the formation of biosynthetic products or intermediates or enzymes or for the screening for antimicrobials, antimalarials or herbicides.

[0059] For carrying out the present invention various techniques in molecular biology, microbiology and recombinant DNA technology are used which are comprehensively described in Sambrock et al., Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Sprind Harbor, N.Y.; in DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Vol. 1 and 2, 1985 (D. N. Glover, ed.); in Oligonucleotide Synthesis, 1984 (M. L. Gait, ed.); and in Transcription and Translation (Hames and Higgins, eds.).

[0060] Nucleic Acids

[0061] The present invention comprises nucleic acids which include prokaryotic, protozoal and plant sequences and derived sequences. A derived sequence relates to a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to a region of the sequence or orthologs thereof or complementary to “sequence-conservative” or “function-conservative” variants thereof.

[0062] Sequences may be isolated by well known techniques or are commercially available (Clontech, Palto Alto, Calif.; Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.). Alternatively, PCR-based methods can be used for amplifying related sequence from cDNA or genomic DNA.

[0063] The nucleic acids of the present invention comprise purine and pyrimidine containing polymers in various amounts, either polyribonucleotides or polydeoxyribonucleotides or mixed polyribo-polydeoxyribonucleotides. The nucleic acids may be isolated directly from cells. Alternatively, PCR may be used for the preparation of the nucleic acids by use of chemical synthesized strands or by genomic material as template. The primers used in PCR may be synthesized by using the sequence information provided by the present invention or from the database and additionally may be constructed with optionally new restriction sites in order to ease the cloning in a vector for recombinant expression.

[0064] The nucleic acids or the present invention may be flanked by natural regulation sequences or may be associated with heterologous sequences, including promoter, enhancer, response elements, signal sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, 5′- and 3′ noncoding regions or similar. The nucleic acids may be modified on basis of well known methods. Non-limiting examples for these modifications are methylations, “Caps”, substitution of one or more natural nucleotides with an analogue, and internucleotide modification, i.e. those with uncharged bond (i.e. methylphosphonates, phosphotriester, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.) and with charged bond (i.e. phosphorothiactes, etc.). Nucleic acids may carry additional kovalent bound units such as proteins (i.e. nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, etc.), intercalators (i.e. acridine, psoralene, etc.), chelators (i.e. metals, radioactive metals, iron, oxidative metals, etc.) and alkylators. The nucleic acids may be derived by formation of a methyl- or ethylphosphotriester bond or of a alkylphosphoramidate bond. Further, the nucleic acids of the present invention may be modified my labeling, which give an either directly or indirectly detectable signal. Examples for these labeling include radioisotopes, fluorescent molecules, biotin and so on.

[0065] Vectors

[0066] The invention provides nucleic acid vectors, which comprise the sequences provided by the present invention or derivatives thereof. Various vectors, including plasmids or vectors for fungi have been described for the replication and/or expression in various eucaryotic and procaryotic hosts. High copy replication vectors are preferred for the purposes of the invention. Non-limiting examples include pKK plasmids (Clontech), pUC plasmids (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), pET plasmids (Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.) or pRSET or pREP (Invitrogen) and various suitable host cells on basis of well known techniques. Recombinant cloning vectors comprise often more than one replication system for the cloning and expression, one or more marker for the selection in the host; i.e. antibiotic resistance and one or more expression cartridge. Suitable hosts may be transformed/transfected/infected by a method as suitable including electroporation, CaCl₂-mediated DNA incorporation, tungae infection, microinjection, microbombardment or other established methods.

[0067] Suitable hosts include bacteria, archaebacteriae, fungi, notable yeast, plants, notably Arabidopsis thaliana, Mentha piperita or Taxus sp. and animal cells, notably mammalian cells. Most important are E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, SF9 cells, C129 cells, 293 cells, Neurospora, and CHO cells, COS cells, HeLa cells and immortalized myeloid and lymphoid mammalian cells. Preferred replication systems include M13, ColE1, SV40, baculovirus, lambda, adenovirus and so on. A great number of transcription, initiation (including ribosomal binding sites) and termination regulation regions have been isolated and there efficiency for the transcription and translation of heterologous proteins has been demonstrated in various hosts. Examples for these regions, methods for the isolation, the way for using are well known. Under suitable conditions for expression host cells may be used as source for the recombinant synthesized proteins.

[0068] Expression Systems

[0069] Preferable vectors may include a transcription element (that is a promoter), functionally connected with the enzyme domain. Optionally, the promoter may include parts of operator region and/or ribosomal binding sites. Non-limiting examples for bacterial promoters, which are compatible with E. coli, include: trc promoter, β-lactamase (penicillinase) promoter; lactose promoter, tryptophan (trp) promoter, arabinose BAD operon-promoter, lambda-derived P1 promoter and N gene ribosomal binding site and the hybrid Tac promoter, derived from sequences of tmp and lac UV5 promoters. Non-limiting examples for yeast promoters include 3-phosphoglycerate kinase promoter, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) promoter, galactokinase (GALI) promoter, galactoepimerase promoter and alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH) promoter. Suitable promoters for mammalian cells include without limiting viral promoters such as i.e. simian virus 40 (SV40), rous sarcoma virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV) and bovine papilloma virus (BPV). Mammalian cells may also need terminator sequences and poly-A sequences and enhancer sequences, which may increase the expression. Sequences, which amplify the genes, may also be preferred. Further on, sequences may be included, which ease the secretion of the recombinant protein from the cell, which may be but non-limiting a bacterial, yeast or animal cell, such as i.e. a secretion signal sequence and/or prehormon sequence.

[0070] It is an important aspect of the invention that the combined recombinant endowment with xylB and other gene(s) of the alternative C5-isoprenoid pathway and optionally gene(s) for higher isoprenoids orterpenoids boost(s) these pathways. Preferably, xylB is combined with complete sets of genes to convert 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5phosphate into the desired intermediate or end products. For intermediates in the C5-isoprenoid pathway, cells are preferably endowed with one of the combinations of genes given in claim 76.

[0071] For the genes cited herein, the common E. coli designation were used. Other genes from E. coli or from other organisms (orthologous genes) may also be used if they have the same functions (function-conservative genes), notably if their gene products catalyze the same reaction. Further, deletion or insertion variants or fusions of these genes with other genes or nucleic acids may be used, as long as these variants are function-conservative. The above genes may be derived from bacteria, protozoa, or from higher or lower plants,

[0072] It is another important aspect of the invention that the function of gcpE as following immediately downstream from ispF has been determined. Our findings show that the gcpE gene product is involved in the formation of the novel compound 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate. Therefore, we rename gcpE in ispG.

[0073] In a further aspect of the invention it was shown that the gene product of gcpE is involved in the formation of the E-isomer of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate by comparison with chemically synthesized (E)- and (Z)-isomers of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate. Therefore, this invention further pertains to the (E) and (Z) isomers of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate salts or protonated forms thereof.

[0074] It is another important aspect of the invention that the function of lytB has been determined as following immediately downstream from ispG. Therefore, it is renamed ispH. It is our finding that ispH is involved in the conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate into isopentenyl 4-diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl 4-diphosphate.

[0075] It should be understood that “1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-phosphate” and “1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate” comprise the free phosphoric and diphosphoric acids, respectively, and the singly or multiply deprotonated forms thereof, i.e. salts which may be salts of any cation (including Na, K, NH₄ ⁺, Li, Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Co cations). The protonation state of (di)phosphates and phosphate derivatives or their conjugated acids in aqueous solution depends on the pH value of the solution, as is known to persons skilled in the art. The same applies to other phoshates or phosphate derivatives.

[0076] In another aspect of the invention, (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate has been successfully incorporated into the lipid soluble fraction of Capsicum annuum chromoplasts. A ¹⁴C label of this compound was incorporated into the geranylgeraniol, β-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene fractions of C. annuum chromoplasts establishing (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate as intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway downstream from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and upstream from isopentenyl diphosphate.

[0077] It is another aspect of the invention that xylB can be combined with gcpE and optionally other genes of the alternative C5 isoprenoid pathway and/or of the higher isoprenoid pathways in vector(s) for recombinant engineering.

[0078] As a consequence of our findings regarding gcpE (now ispG) it follows that the gene lytB operates downstream of gcpE and thus in service of the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to IPP and/or DMAPP. Therefore, it is another aspect of the invention to combine the gene lytB with xylB and optionally other genes of the common C5-isoprenoid pathway or of a higher isoprenoid pathway.

[0079] Our finding allows the efficient formation or production of intermediates or products of the isoprenoid pathway with any desired labelling, notably the following intermediates:

[0080] 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate; dimethylallyl diphosphate.

[0081] The formation of end products of the terpenoid pathway (e. g., β-carotene, zeaxanthine, paclitaxel, menthol, menthone, cannabinoids), may be boosted following the process of the invention.

[0082] The strains harbouring the recombinant plasmids can be cultivated in conventional culture media, preferably in terrific broth medium, at 15 to 40° C. The preferred temperature is 37° C. The E. coli strains are induced with 0.5 to 2 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) at an optical density at 600 nm from 0.5 to 5. The cells are incubated after addition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose at a concentration of 0.001 mM to 1 M preferably at a concentration of 0.01 to 30 mM for 30 min to 15 h, preferably 1 to 5 h.

[0083] It has been found that the process of producing isoprenoid intermediates or products by the genetically engineered organisms of the invention can be boosted by supplying a source for CTP, for example cytidine and/or uridine and/or cytosine and/or uracil and/or ribose and/or ribose 5-phosphate and/or any biosynthetic precursors of CTP at a concentration of 0.01 to 10 mM, preferably at a concentration of 0.3 to 1 mM, and/or by supplying a source for phosphorylation activity, for example glycerol 3-phosphate and/or phosphoenolpyruvate and/or ribose 5-phosphate at a concentration of 0.1 to 100 mM, preferably at a concentration of 0.5 to 10 mM and/or inorganic phosphate and/or inorganic pyrophosphate at a concentration of 1 to 500 mM, preferably at a concentration of 10 to 100 mM and/or any organic phosphate and/or pyrophosphate, and/or by supplying a source for reduction equivalents, for example 0.1 to 1000 mM, preferably 10 to 1000 mM, lactate and/or succinate and/or glycerol and/or glucose and/or lipids at a concentration of 0.1 to 100 mM, preferably at a concentration of 0.5 to 10 mM. A particularly efficient production process is specified in claims 72 and 80 to 84.

[0084] This process can also be used with great advantages for screening for inhibitors of the enzymes involved or of downstream enzymes, dependent on the choice of the isoprenoid intermediate or product for detection. The enzymes dxs, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) do not occur in animals. Therefore inhibitors against dxs, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) have great value as (a) herbicides against weed plants or algae; (b) antibiotic agents against pathogenic bacteria; (c) agents against protozoa, like Plasmodium falciparum, the causative pathogen of malaria.

[0085] The activity of the said enzymes can be detected (in the presence or absence of a potential inhibitor) by measuring either the formation of a product or the consumption of an intermediate, preferably by TLC, HPLC or NMR.

[0086] With the finding that 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is an intermediate of the non-mevalonate terpenoid pathway we have aquired essential determinants of the structure of inhibitors. Namely, the structures of a subset of inhibitors should be similar to at least a portion of the starting compound or the product or the transition state between the starting compound e.g. 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and the product e. g. 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

[0087] This invention discloses novel compounds, or salts thereof, of the following formula I:

[0088] whereby R¹ and R² are different from each other and one of R¹ and R² is hydrogen and the other is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, and —CH₂OH, and whereby A stands for —CH₂OH or —CHO. These compounds may be isotope-labelled.

[0089] In formula 1, A preferably stands for —CH₂OH.

[0090] Among R¹ and R², R¹ is preferably hydrogen and R² is preferably selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ and —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂.

[0091] In the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ and —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ is preferred.

[0092] If a compound of formula I is a salt, it may e.g. be a lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, manganese salt. These salts may derive from a single or from multiple deprotonations from the (di)phosphoric acid moiety.

[0093] The novel compounds disclosed herein are useful for various applications e.g. for screening for genes, enzymes or inhibitors of the biosynthesis of isoprenoids or terpenoids, either in vitro in the presence of an electron donor or in vivo.

[0094] This invention further provides a process for the chemical preparation of a compound of formula I or a salt thereof:

[0095] wherein A represents —CH₂OH and R¹ and R² are different from each other and one of R¹ and R² is hydrogen and the other is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—OH by the following steps:

[0096] (a) converting a compound of the following formula (II):

[0097] wherein B is a protective group into a compound of the following formula (III) or (IV):

[0098] by a Wittig or Horner reagent, wherein the group D is a precursor group convertible reductively to a —CH₂—OH group;

[0099] (b) reductively converting group D to a —CH₂—OH group;

[0100] (c) optionally converting group —CH₂—OH obtained in step (b) into —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or salts thereof in a manner knwon per se;

[0101] (d) optionally conversion to a desired salt;

[0102] (e) removing the protective group B.

[0103] In the above process, said protective group B may be any group that allows to regenerate an hydroxy group at the position it is attached to. Said protective group B is preferably stable under the conditions of step (a) to step (d). Said protective group B is removed in step (e) of said process in order to generate a hydroxy group. Protective groups for hydroxy groups are known to the skilled person. Group B may for example form an acetal group together with the remaining moiety of the compound of formula (II), (III) or (IV). Acetals can be hydrolysed under acidic conditions. Most preferably, group B is a 2-tetrahydropyranyl group.

[0104] In the above process, said group D is a precursor group convertible reductively to a —CH₂—OH group. Group D may be a derivative of a carbon acid. Examples of such a group include alkoxycarbonyl and aminocarbonyl groups. Said aminocarbonyl groups may be substitued at the amino group with one or two alkyl groups. It is most preferred to use alkoxycarbonyl groups. The alkyl group of said alkoxycarbonyl groups or said alkyl groups of said aminocarbonyl groups may be a linear or branched alkyl groups which may be singly or multiply substituted. Preferred are C₁-C₆ alkyl groups like methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl groups. Most preferred are methyl or ethyl groups. The most preferred example of said group D is an ethoxycarbonyl group.

[0105] Said compound of formula (II) may be prepared by protecting the hydroxy group of hydroxy acetone with said group B. If group B is a tetrahydropyranyl group, the compound of formula (II) may be prepared from hydroxy acetone and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, preferably employing pyridinium toluene-4-sulfonate as a catalyst. A specific method for preparing acetonyl tetrahydropyranyl ether is described in example 24.

[0106] In step (a) of said process, the compound of formula (II) is converted to a compound of formula (III) or (IV) by a Wittig or a Horner reagent. Wittig-type reactions and reagents are known to skilled persons (see e.g. Watanabe et al. 1996 and references cited therein). Common Wittig reagents to be used for the above process are methylen-triphenylphosphoranes which may be substituted at the methylene group. For the above process of this invention, a methylen-triphenylphosphorane is employed which is substituted with the above-defined group D at the methylene group. Such Wittig reagents are commercially available or can be prepared according to known methods.

[0107] The olefin produced in step (a) may be formed as a mixture of the cis/trans isomers of formulas (III) and (IV). If one of said isomers is preferred, it may be enriched or separated from the other isomer by methods known in the art, preferably by chromatography. Alternatively, a separation of said isomers may be carried out after one of the following steps (b) to (e).

[0108] In step (b) of the above process, group D of the compound of formula (III) or (IV) or a mixture of said compounds is reductively converted to a —CH₂—OH group. Various methods are known in the art to perform such a reduction. Conditions are chosen such that group D is reduced whereas the olefin moiety is not. Examples for reductants to be used in this step are molecular hydrogen or metal hydrides. Examples for useful metal hydrides include boron hydrides like sodium borohydride, aluminium hydrides like lithium aluminium hydride or diisobutyl aluminiumhydride (DIBAH), alkali metal or metal earth hydrides like sodium hydride or calcium hydride. Aluminium hydrides are preferred. A specific example for carrying out step (b) is described in example 24.

[0109] If the desired end product of said process is a compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ or R² is —CH₂—OH, the compound or mixture of compounds obtained in step (b) may be directly subjected to step (d) or step (e). Preferably, it is subjected to step (e) for removing protective group B. If the desired end product of said process is a compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ or R² is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, compound or mixture of compounds obtained in step (b) is subjected to step (c) of said process for converting —CH₂—OH group obtained in step (b) into a —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or a —CH₂O—PO(OH)₂ group.

[0110] Step (c) may be carried in several ways which are known to the skilled person. Step (c) may comprise substituting the hydroxy group of said —CH₂—OH group obtained in step (b) by a leaving group. Step (c) may comprise converting said —CH₂—OH group to a —CH₂-halide group by a halogenating agent. A sulfuric, sulfonic or phosphoric acid halogenide may be employed as halogenating agent. Tosyl chloride is most preferred. Said halide may be fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, preferably chloride. The compound carrying said —CH₂-halide group is preferably isolated. Said leaving group may further be created by reacting said —CH₂-OH group obtained in step (b) with a sulfonic acid halide, preferably tosyl chloride.

[0111] Said intermediate having said leaving group may then be reacted with phosphoric or diphosphoric acid or singly or multiply deprotonated forms thereof. Preferably an alkylammonium salt of phosphoric or diphosphoric acid is used, more preferably a tetraalkylammonium salt, and most preferably a tetra-butylammonium salt. A polar aprotic solvent is preferred for this reaction. Preferably, the compound or mixture of compounds obtained is purified according to standard procedures. A specific example for carrying out step (c) is described in example 24.

[0112] In step (d), the compound or mixture of compounds obtained in step (c) may be converted to a desired salt. Methods for carrying out step (d) are well known. Such methods may comprise adjusting the pH of an aqueous solution with an appropriate acid or salt to a desired pH value.

[0113] In step (e), the protective group B of a compound obtained in one of steps (b) to (d) is removed in order to obtain a compound of formula (I) wherein A is —CH₂—OH. The method for removing a protective group depends on the type of the protective group. Such methods are well known. If the protective groups forms an acetal, removing said protecting group may be achieved by acid hydrolysis (see example 24).

[0114] This invention provides protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate notably in its (E)-form, preferably in the presence of NADH and/or NADPH and/or in the presence of Co²⁺. Said enzyme preferably has a sequence encoded by the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence, i.e. said homologue is capable of performing the same function as said protein. For many applications of said protein, it may be expressed and purified as a fusion protein, notably a fusion with maltose binding protein. In this way, enzymatically active protein may be readily obtained.

[0115] This invention further provides a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate. Said protein preferably requires FAD and NAD(P)H for said functionality. Further, said protein may require a metal ion selected from the group of manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel ion. Said protein preferably has a sequence encoded by the ispH (formerly lytB) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence. For many applications of said protein, it may be expressed and purified as a fusion protein, notably a fusion with maltose binding protein. In this way, enzymatically active protein may be readily obtained.

[0116] The above proteins may be plant proteins, notably from Arabidopsis thaliana, bacterial proteins, notably from E. coli, or protozoal proteins, notably from Plasmodium falciparum.

[0117] The invention further provides a purified isolated nucleic acid encoding one or both of the above proteins with or without introns. Further, the invention provides a DNA expression vector containing the sequence of said purified isolated nucleic acid.

[0118] The invention further provides cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof recombinantly endowed with the sequence of said purified isolated nucleic acid or with said DNA expression vector, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial, protozoal, fungal, plant, insect and mammalian cells. Said cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof may further be endowed with at least one gene selected from the following group: dxs, dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.

[0119] The invention further provides cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of formation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection. The transformation or transfection preferably comprises endowment with the gcpE gene of E. coli or with a function-conservative homologue from an other organism, e.g. plant or protozoal organism.

[0120] The invention also provides cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection. The transformation or transfection preferably comprises endowment with the lytB gene of E. coli or with a function-conservative homologue from an other organism, e.g. plant or protozoal organism.

[0121] The invention provides also cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased expression level of the protein of one of claims 1 to 4 and/or the protein of one of claims 5 to 8 compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.

[0122] Moreover, the invention provides a method of altering the expression level of the gene product(s) of ispG and/or ispH or function-conservative homolgues from other organisms or variants thereof in cells comprising

[0123] (a) transforming host cells with the ispG and/or ispH gene,

[0124] (b) growing the transformed host cells of step (a) under conditions that are suitable for the efficient expression of ispG and/or ispH, resulting in production of altered levels of the ispG and/or ispH gene product(s) in the transformed cells relative to expression levels of untransformed cells.

[0125] Furthermore, the invention provides a method of identifying an inhibitior of an enzyme functional for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably its E-form, of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway by the following steps:

[0126] (a) incubating a mixture containing said enzyme with its, optionally isotope-labeled, substrate 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate under conditions suitable for said conversion in the presence and in the absence of a potential inhibitor,

[0127] (b) subsequently determining the concentration of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and/or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, and

[0128] (c) comparing the concentration in the presence and in the absence of said potential inhibitor.

[0129] Furthermore, the invention provides a method of identifying an inhibitior of an enzyme functional for the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably its E-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway by the following steps:

[0130] (a) incubating a mixture containing said enzyme with its, optionally isotope-labeled, substrate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate under conditions suitable for said conversion in the presence and in the absence of a potential inhibitor, whereby said mixture preferably contains FAD,

[0131] (b) determining the concentration of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate, and

[0132] (c) comparing the concentration in the presence and in the absence of said potential inhibitor.

[0133] The above methods of identifying an inhibitior are preferably carried out by following the consumption of NADPH or NADH making use of its characteristic absorbance spectrum. Alternatively, the fluorescence of NADH or NADPH can be followed when excited around 340 nm. The above methods of identifying an inhibitior may advantageously be performed as high-throughput screening assays for inhibitors, notably in combination with photometric detection of the consumption of NADH or NADPH. Further, one or more flavin analogues (e.g. FAD, FMN) may be added to the incubation mixtures in said methods, preferably in catalytic amounts. Most preferred is the addition of FAD. Said enzymes may be employed in said methods as fusion proteins with maltose binding protein (examples 38 to 41, 44, 45), which allows straightforward expression and purification of said enzymes in enzymatically active form. Further embodiments of said methods of identifying are defined in the subclaims to these methods.

[0134] It is known that intermediates of the non-mevalonate pathway are responsible for γδ T cell activation by various pathogenic bacteria. γδ T cell activation is followed by T cell proliferation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines and is very likely crucial for regulating the immune response following pathogen infection (Altincicek et al., 2001 and references cited therein). Recently, it was shown that E. coli strains lost the ability to stimulate y5 T cells when the dxr or the gcpE gene was knocked out, strongly indicating that an intermediate downstream of gcpE and upstream of isopentenyl pyrophosphate exhibits the most potent antigenic activity (Altincicek et al., 2001). However, the intermediate produced by the gcpE gene product in the pathway has been unknown. Herein, this intermediate has surprisingly been identified as an hitherto unprecedented compound, which opens up a whole range of novel applications for this compound.

[0135] The compounds of formula I can be used as immunomodulatory or immunostimulating agents, e.g. for activating γδ T cells. Immunomodulation via γδ T cell activation by said compounds may prove useful not only to support combat against pathogens but for various conditions for which a stimulation of the immune system is desirable. The novel compounds of the invention may therefore be used for medical treatment of pathogen infections. Such a treatment stimulates the activity of the immune system against the pathogen. Preferably, the compound wherein R¹═H and/or A is —CH₂OH is used for this application. Alternatively, the oxidation product with A=CHO may prove to be highly active. Among the compounds of formula I, the one with the highest or most suitable γδ T cell stimulating activity may be selected in a test system known in the art (e.g. that described by Altincicek et al., 2001). Importantly, since the compounds of the invention do not act as antibiotics, development of resistancies is not a problem for the method of treatment disclosed herein.

[0136] In an advantageous embodiment, said compounds may be combined with an antibiotically active compound for treating a pathogen infection. Such a treatment combines the advantages of inhibiting pathogen proliferation by an antibiotic and stimulating the immune system against the pathogen resulting in a much faster and more efficient treatment. Such an antibiotically active compound may be a bacteriostatic antibiotic (e.g. tetracyclines).

[0137] Therefore, the novel compounds of this invention may be used for the preparation of a medicament. The invention further pertains to a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Said pharmaceutical composition may further contain an antibiotically active compound as mentioned above.

[0138] This invention further comprises antibodies against the compounds of formula I. Said antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal and may be raised according to conventional techniques. Raising such antibodies will comprise coupling of a compound of formula I has hapten to a macromolecular carrier like a protein in order to be immunogenic. Such an immunogenic compound of formula I may further be used as a vaccine.

[0139] The antibodies of the invention may be used for detecting a compound of formula I. Since said compounds are produced by organisms having the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway, such organisms may be detected using said antibodies. Preferably, such organisms may be detected in body fluids in a diagnostic method, thereby indicating an infection by a pathogen having the non-mevalonate pathway. A positve result in such a diagnostic method may at the same time indicate possible treatment by the compounds of the invention.

[0140] When an antibody of the invention is used for detecting a compound of formula I, it is preferably labelled to allow photometric detection and/or immobilized to a support. Such methods are well-known in the art.

[0141] This invention further provides a process for the chemical preparation of a compound of formula I or a salt thereof (see FIG. 7):

[0142] wherein A represents —CH₂OH or —CHO, R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—OH by the following steps:

[0143] (a) converting 2-methyl-2-vinyl-oxiran into 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al;

[0144] (b) converting 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al to its acetal;

[0145] (c) substituting the chlorine atom in the product of step (b) by a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or a pyrophosphate group;

[0146] (d) hydrolysing the acetal obtained in step (c) to produce an aldehyde group;

[0147] (e) optionally converting the aldehyde group of the product of step (d) to a —CH₂OH group.

[0148] Preferred embodiments of this process are defined in the subclaims and are exemplified in example 42.

[0149] The invention will now be described in detail with reference to specific examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB gene of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase

[0150] Chromosomal DNA from Escherichia coli strain XL1-Blue (Bullock et al. 1987; commercial source: Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif., USA) is isolated according to a method described by Meade et al. 1982.

[0151] The E. coli ORF xylB (accession no. gb AE000433) from base pair (bp) position 8596 to 10144 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGTCGGAATTCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGTATATCGGGATAGATCTTGG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCAGTGAAGCTTTTACGCCATTAATGGCAGAAGTTGC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0152] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94 ° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 75 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0153] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).

[0154] 1.0 μg of the vector pBluescript SKII⁻ (Stratagene) and 0.5 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with EcoRI and HindIII in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (NEB)) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0155] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 20 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells according to a method described by Dower et al., 1988. The plasmid pBSxylB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0156] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method (Sanger et al., 1992) using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, USA) with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions (Foster city, USA). It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000433).

EXAMPLE 2 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB and dxr Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase and DXP Reductoisomerase

[0157] The E. coli ORF dxr (accession no. gb AE000126) from base pair (bp) position 9887 to 11083 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CTAGCCAAGCTTGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGAAGCAACTCACCATTCTGG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGAGATGTCGACTCAGCTTGCGAGACGC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec), and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1 % (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0158] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 75 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0159] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0160] 1.2 μg of the vector pBSxylB (Example 1) and 0.6 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with HindIII and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0161] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylBdxr. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBSxylBdxr is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0162] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylBdxr is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000126).

[0163] The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxr is shown in Annex A.

EXAMPLE 3 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr and ispD Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase and CDP-ME Synthase

[0164] The E. coli ORF ispD (accession no. gb AE000358) from base pair (bp) position 6754 to 7464 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGGGAGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGGCAACCACTCATTGGATG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GTCCAACTCGAGTTATGTATTCTCCTTGATGG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1 % (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0165] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 30 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 50° C. and 45 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0166] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0167] 1.5 μg of the vector pBSxylBdxr (Example 2) and 0.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0168] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 12 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispD. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBSxylBdxrispD is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0169] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispD is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000126).

[0170] The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxrispD is shown in Annex B.

EXAMPLE 4 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD and ispF Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, and cMEPP Synthase

[0171] The E. coli ORF's ispD and ispF (accession no. gb AE000358) from base pair (bp) position 6275 to 7464 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGGGAGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGGCAACCACTCATTTGGATG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-TATCAACTCGAGTCATTTTGTTGCCTTAATGAG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0172] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 75 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72 ° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0173] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0174] 1.4 μg of the vector pBSxylBdxr (Example 2) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0175] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0176] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000126).

EXAMPLE 5 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE and ispF Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase and cMEPP Synthase

[0177] The E. coli ORF ispE (accession no. gb AE000219) from base pair (bp) position 5720 to 6571 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCGAACCTCGAGGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCGGACACAGTGGCCC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCTGACGGTACCTTAAAGCATGGCTCTGTGC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0178] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0179] 1.2 μg of the vector pBSxylBdxrispDF (Example 4) and 0.6 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with XhoI and KpnI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0180] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 15 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 ul of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclo. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclo is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0181] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclo is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry, (gb AE000219). The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclo is shown in Annex C.

EXAMPLE 6 Construction of a Vector Carrying the gcpE Gene of Escherichia coli Capable for its Transcription and Expression

[0182] The E. coli ORF gcpE (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGTACCGGATCCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCCATCGTCGACTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACGTC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of

[0183] 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0184] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 172° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0185] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0186] 2.0 pg of the vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen 1978, NEB) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0187] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 20 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCgcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCgcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0188] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCgcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

[0189] The DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYCgcpE is shown in Annex D.

EXAMPLE 7 Construction of Vectors Carrying a Carotenoid Operon from Erwinia uredovora Capable for the in vivo Production of β-carotene

[0190] The open reading frames crtY, crtl and crtB of a carotenoid operon from Erwinia uredovora (accession no. gb D90087) from base pair (bp) position 2372 to 6005 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. uredovora DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CATTGAGAAGCTTATGTGCACCG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CTCCGGGGTCGACATGGCGC-3′, 40 ng of chromosomal DNA of E uredovora, 8 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec), 20 nmol of dNTPs, Taq Extender (Stratagene) in a total volume of 100 μl×Taq Extender buffer (Stratagene).

[0191] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 40 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 300 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0192] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).

[0193] 1.0 μg of the vector pBluescript SKII⁻ (Stratagene) and 2.0 pg of the purified PCR product are digested with HindIII and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0194] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 40 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScaro34. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation, mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScaro34 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0195] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScaro34 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb D90087).

[0196] The E. uredovora ORF crtE (accession no. gb D90087) from base pair (bp) position 175 to 1148 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGCATCTTTCCAATTGCCG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-ATGCAGCAAGCTTAACTGACGGC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0197] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0198] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).

[0199] 1.5 μg of the vector pBScaro34 (see above) is digested with EcoRI and HindIII and 0.6 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with MfeI and HindIII in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0200] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 16 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScaro14. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScaro14 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0201] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScaro14 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb D90087). The DNA sequence of the plasmid pBScaro14 is shown in Annex E.

[0202] 5 μg of the vector pBScaro14 (see above) is digested with BamHI and SalI. The restriction mixture is prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. The restriction mixture is separated on a agarose gel and the fragments of 2237 and 2341 bp size are purified with the gel extraction kit from Qiagen.

[0203] 3 μg of the vector pACYC184 (see above) is digested with BamHI and SalI. The restriction mixture is prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. The restriction mixture is separated on a agarose gel and the fragment of 3968 bp size is purified with the gel extraction kit from Qiagen.

[0204] 30 ng of the purified vector DNA and each 25 ng of the purified 2237 and 2341 bp fragments are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCcaro14. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCcaro14 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0205] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCcaro14 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb D90087). The DNA sequence of the plasmid pACYCcaro14 is shown in Annex F.

EXAMPLE 8 Enzymatic Preparation of [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

[0206] A reaction mixture containing 960 mg of [U—¹³C₆]glucose (5.1 mmol), 6.1 g of ATP (10.2 mmol), 337 mg of thiamine pyrophosphate, 1.14 g of [2,3-¹³C]pyruvate (10.2 mmol), 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM dithiothreitol in 150 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 8.0 is prepared. 410 Units of triose phosphate isomerase (from rabbit muscle, Type III-S, E. C. 5.3.1.1., Sigma), 100 U hexokinase (from Bakers Yeast, Type VI, E. C. 2.7.1.1, Sigma), 100 U phosphoglucose isomerase (from Bakers Yeast, Type III, E. C. 5.3.1.9, Sigma), 100 U phosphofructokinase (from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Type VII, E. C. 2.7.1.11, Sigma), 50 U aidolase (from rabbit muscle, E. C. 4.1.2.13, Sigma) and 12 U of recombinant DXP synthase from B. subtilis are added to a final volume of 315 ml. The reaction mixture is incubated at 37° C. overnight and during incubation the pH is hold at a constant value of 8.0. The reaction is monitored by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 9 Enzymatic Preparation of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

[0207] A solution containing 150 mM Tris hydrochloride, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1.0 g of [U—¹³C₆]glucose (5.4 mmol), 0.23 g (1.5 mmol) of dithiothreitol, 0.3 g (0.7 mmol) of thiamine pyrophosphate, 0.1 g (0.2 mmol) of ATP (disodium salt), and 2.2 g (11 mmol) of phosphoenol pyruvate (potassium salt) is adjusted to pH 8.0 by the addition of 8 M sodium hydroxide. 403 U (2.8 mg) of pyruvate kinase (from rabbit muscle, E. C. 2.7.1.40), 410 Units of triose phosphate isomerase (from rabbit muscle, Type III-S, E. C. 5.3.1.1., Sigma), 100 U hexokinase (from Bakers Yeast, Type VI, E. C. 2.7.1.1, Sigma), 100 U phosphoglucose isomerase (from Bakers Yeast, Type III, E. C. 5.3.1.9, Sigma), 100 U phosphofructokinase (from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Type VII, E. C. 2.7.1.11, Sigma), 50 U aldolase (from rabbit muscle, E. C. 4.1.2.13, Sigma) and 12 U recombinant DXP synthase from B. subtilis are added to a final volume of 300 ml. The reaction mixture is incubated at 37° C. for overnight.

EXAMPLE 10 Enzymatic Preparation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0208] The pH value of the reaction mixture obtained in example 8 or 9 is adjusted to 9.5. Magnesium chloride is added to a concentration of 30 mM. 50 mg (950 Units) of alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa (Sigma, E. C. 3.1.3.1) are added and the reaction mixture is incubated for 16 h. The conversion is monitored by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. The pH is adjusted to a value of 7.0 and the solution is centrifuged at 14,000 upm for 5 minutes. Starting from labelled glucose (examples 8 or 9) the overall yield of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is approximately 50%.

[0209] The supernatant or the lyophilised supernatant is used in incorporation experiments (see examples 11 to 17).

EXAMPLE 11 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylB using [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0210] 0.2 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBSxylB (see example 1). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.6 the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, 50 ml (0.9 mmol) of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (pH 7.0) (see examples 9 and 10), are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 30 minutes and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. ¹³C NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). The NMR analysis is based on published signal assignments (Wungsintaweekul et a., 2001).

[0211] 30 min after the addition of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose, the formation of [3,4,-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate can be observed. The maximum yield of [3,4,5-³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is observed 3-5 h after addition of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose to the medium. The ¹³C NMR signals reveal a mixture of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose and [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate at a molar ratio of approximately 1:9. The intracellular concentration of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is estimated as 20 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 12 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylBdxr using [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0212] 0.12 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 22 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring plasmid pBSxylBdxr (see example 2). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.6 the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, ca. 1.0 mmol of crude [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (pH 7.0) (see examples 8 and 10) are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken in time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany).

[0213] HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal ¹H—¹³C and ¹H—¹H spin systems (Table 1) of [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,2,2′,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol at a molar ratio of approximately 6.6:7:1, respectively. The intracellular concentration of [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate is estimated as 10 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy.

[0214] The NMR data summarized in Table 1 are identical with published NMR data of the authentic compounds (Takahashi et al., 1998; Rohdich et al., 1999). TABLE 1 NMR data of ¹³C-labeled products in cell extracts of E. coli XL1-pBSxylBdxr after feeding of [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose Chemical shifts, ppm Position 1 1* 2 2-Methyl 3 4 4* [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate ¹³C 66.1 n.d. 18.1 73.4 648 ¹H 3.25 3.36 0.93 3.56 3.62 3.81 [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol ¹³C 66.6 n.d. 18.0 74.6 616 ¹H 3.26 3.34 0.9 3.44 3.36 3.61 [1,2,2′,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol ¹³C 66.8 n.d. 18.0 73.0 667 ¹H 3.4 3.55 0.9 3.6 3.74 4

EXAMPLE 13 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylBdxrispDF using [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0215] 0.1 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF (see example 4). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.5, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, ca. 1.0 mmol of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see examples 9 and 10) are added. After three hours, cells were harvested and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 1.5 ml of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×15 sec. with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany).

[0216] HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal ¹H—¹³C and ¹H—¹H spin systems of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol (Table 1). The molar ratios of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol are 1:0.6:0.9, respectively.

[0217] This result indicates that the intracellular amount of CTP required for the synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol is limiting. Therefore, a modified fermentation protocol was developed (see example 14).

EXAMPLE 14 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylBdxrispDF using [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0218] 0.1 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring plasmid pBSxylBispDF (see example 4). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.5, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, 10 mg (0.041 mmol) of cytidine and 5 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, and ca. 1 mmol of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see examples 9 and 10) are added. After three hours, the cells are harvested and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer. HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal ¹H—¹³C and ¹H—¹H spin systems (Table 1) of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol, and [1,3,4-¹³C₃]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol at a molar ratio of approximately 1:3.4:4.2, respectively. The relative amount of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol is increased by a factor of 2 as compared to the relative amount in example 13. The intracellular concentration of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol is estimated as 10 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The relative high amount of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol indicates that unspecific phosphatases convert intermediary formed 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol. Therefore, a modified fermentation protocol was developed to supply the cells with sufficient amounts of organic phosphates and in order to suppress the activity of phosphatases (see examples 15 to 17).

EXAMPLE 15 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo using [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0219] 0.2 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBScyclo (see example 5). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 1.3, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, 30 mg (0.12 mmol) of cytidine, 300 mg (0.95 mmol) of DL-α-glycerol 3-phosphate and 10 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, are added. After 30 min, ca. 1 mmol of [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see example 8 and 10) are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extract are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). ¹³C NMR spectra, as well as HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY spectra established [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000) as the only product. Formation of [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate can be observed 30 min after addition of [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose, whereas the maximum yield is observed 5 h after addition of [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose. The intracellular concentration of [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate is estimated as 20 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The formation of any other isotope-labelled products, such as [U—¹³C₅]2C-methyl-erythritol is completely suppressed.

EXAMPLE 16 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo-pACYCgcpE using [2-¹⁴C]— and [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0220] 0.2 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin and 2.5 mg of chloramphenicol are inoculated with the E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmids pBScyclo and pACYCgcpE (see example 5 to 6). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 4.8 to 5.0, 30 mg (0.1 mmol) of cytidine, 300 mg (0.94 mmol) of DL-α-glycerol 3-phosphate and 10 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, are added. After 30 minutes, a mixture of 2.6 μmol [2-¹⁴C]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (15 μCi pmol⁻¹) (Wungsintaweekul et al., 2001) and 1 ml of crude [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.02 mmol) (see examples 8 and 10) are added. After 1.5 h, cells are harvested and centrifuged for 10 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in a mixture of 20 mM NaF (2 ml) and methanol (2 ml), cooled on ice and sonified 3×15 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. The radioactivity of the supernatant is measured by scintillation counting (Beckmann, LS 7800). 10% of the radioactivity initially added as ¹⁴C labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is detected in the supernatant. Aliquots are analysed by TLC and HPLC, as described in example 19, and the products are purified as described in example 20. On basis of these data, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate were identified as products at a molar ratio of 7:3 (see also examples 17 and 18).

EXAMPLE 17 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo-pACYCgcpE using [U—¹³C₅]— or [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0221] 0.2 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin and 2.5 mg of chloramphenicol are inoculated with the E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmids pBScyclo and pACYCgcpE. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. for overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 4.8-5.0, 30 mg (0.1 mmol) of cytidine, 300 mg (0.93 mmol) of DL-α-glycerol 3-phosphate and 10 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, are added. After 30 minutes, 3 ml of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]— or [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.05 mmol) (see examples 8, 9, and 10) are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 l of 20 mM NaF in D₂O or in 700 μl of a mixture of methanol and D₂O (6:4; v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification (see example 18).

EXAMPLE 18 Structure Determination of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

[0222] The ¹H-decoupled ¹³C NMR spectrum using [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose as starting material displays 5 ¹³C—¹³C coupled signals belonging to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000) and 5 ¹³C—¹³C coupled signals at 14.7, 64.5, 68.6, 122.7 and 139.5 ppm (Table 2) belonging to an unknown metabolite. The chemical shifts of the unknown metabolite suggest a double bond motif (signals at 122.7 and 139.5 ppm), a methyl group (signal at 14.7 ppm), and two carbon atoms (signals at 64.5 and 68.6 ppm) connected to OR (R=unknown). The three signals accounting for carbon atoms with sp³ hybridisation (14.7, 64.5 and 68.5 ppm) show ¹³C—¹³C coupling to one adjacent ¹³C atom with coupling constants of 40-50 Hz (Table 2). The signal at 122.7 ppm shows ¹³C couplings to two adjacent ¹³C neighbours (coupling constants, 74 and 50 Hz), whereas the signal at 141.5 ppm shows ¹³C couplings to three neighboured ¹³C atoms (coupling constants, 74, 43 and 43 Hz). In conjunction with the chemical shift topology, this coupling signature is indicative for a 2-methyl-2-butenyl skeleton. HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal the ¹H NMR chemical shifts (Table 2), as well as ¹³C—¹H and ¹H—¹H spin systems (Table 3). More specifically, the ¹³C NMR signal at 122.7 ppm correlates to a ¹H NMR signal at 5.6 ppm which is in the typical chemical shift range for H-atoms attached to CC double bonds, whereas the signal at 139.5 ppm gives no ¹³C—¹H correlations. The signals at 64.5 and 68.6 ppm give ¹³C—¹H correlations to ¹H-signals at 4.5 and 3.9 ppm, respectively. The methyl signal at 14.7 ppm correlates to a proton signal at 1.5 ppm. In connection with ¹³C—¹³C coupling patterns (Table 2), as well as with ¹H—¹³C long range correlations (HMBC experiment, Table 3), these data establish a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl system.

[0223] Starting from [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose as feeding material three signals at 64.5, 68.6 and 122.7 ppm accounting for atoms 4, 1 and 3, respectively, of the new product are observed. It can be concluded that the carbon atoms at 1, 3 and 4 of the new product are biogenetically equivalent to the carbon atoms 3, 4 and 5 of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. This coupling topology is similar to the coupling pattern of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (see example 13) confirming that the new compound is derived via 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate.

[0224] The C-4 and C-3 ¹³C NMR signals at 64.5 and 122.7 ppm show ¹³C—³¹P coupling of 5.5 and 8.0 Hz, respectively. These couplings indicate the presence of a phosphate or pyrophosphate group at position 4 of the 2-methyl-2-butenyl skeleton.

[0225] In line with this observation, the ¹H-decoupled ³¹P NMR spectrum of the product displays a doublet at −9.2 (³¹P—³¹P coupling constant, 20.9.Hz) and a double-double-doublet at −10.6 ppm (³¹P—¹³C coupling constants, 5.8 and 7.4 Hz, ³¹P—³¹P coupling constant, 20.9 Hz). Without ¹H-decoupling, the ³¹P NMR signal at −10.6 ppm is broadened whereas the signal at −9.2 ppm is not affected by ¹H coupling. The chemical shifts as well as the observed coupling pattern confirm the presence of a free diphosphate moiety at position 4.

[0226] In summary, all these data establish the structure as 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate. TABLE 2 NMR data of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Chemical shifts, ppm Coupling constants, Hz Position 1H^(a) ¹³C^(b) ³¹Pc J_(PC) J_(PP) J_(CC) 1 3.91 68.6^(d,e) 43.0^(e), 5.5^(d), 3.5^(d) 2 139.5^(d,e) 74.3^(e), 43.3^(e), 43.3^(e) 2-Methyl 1.51 14.7^(e) 42.2^(e), 4.0^(e), 4.0^(e) 3 5.57 122.7^(e) 8.0^(d) 73.9^(e), 49.8^(d), 4.0^(d) 4 4.46 64.5^(d,e) 5.5^(d) 49.3^(d), 5.5^(d) P_(β) −9.2 20.9 P_(α) −10.6 5.8^(d), 7.4^(d) 20.9

[0227] TABLE 3 Correlation pattern of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]1-hydroxy- 2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and of [U-¹³C₅]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate NMR Correlation pattern Position HMQC HMQC-TOCSY HMBC 1 1^(a,b) 1^(a,b) 2-methyl^(a), 2^(a) 2 2-methyl 2-methyl^(b) 2-methyl^(b) 3 3^(a,b) 3^(a,b), 4^(a,b) 2-methyl^(a), 1^(a) 4 4^(a,b) 4^(a,b), 3^(a,b)

EXAMPLE 19 Detection of Phosphorylated Metabolites of the Mevalonate-Independent Pathway Method A) by a TLC Method

[0228] Aliquots (10 μl) of the cell-free extracts from recombinant cells prepared as described above (see example 16) are spotted on a Polygram® SIL NH—R thin layer plate (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). The TLC plate is then developed in a solvent system of n-propanol: ethyl acetate: water; 6:1:3 (v/v/v). The running time is about 4 h. The radio chromatogram is monitored and evaluated by a Phosphor Imager (Storm 860, Molecular Dynamics, USA). The R_(f)-values of the compounds under study are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 R_(f)-values of precursors and intermediates of the mevalonate-independent terpenoid pathway Chemical compound R_(f)-value 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 0.80 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate 0.5 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate 0.42 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 0.33 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl- 0.27 D-erythritol 2-phosphate 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate 0.47 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate 0.17

[0229] Method B) by a HPLC Method

[0230] Aliquots (100 μl) of the cell-free extracts from recombinant cells prepared as described above (see example 16), are analyzed by HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, particle size 5 μm, CS-Chromatographic Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany) that has been equilibrated for 15 min with 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (TBAS), pH 6.0, at a flow rate of 0.75 ml min⁻¹. After injection of the sample, the column is developed for 20 min with 10 mM TBAS, then for 60 min with a linear gradient of 0-42% (v/v) methanol in 10 mM TBAS. The effluent is monitored by a continuous-flow radio detector (Beta-RAM, Biostep GmbH, Jahnsdorf, Germany). The retention volumes of the compounds under study are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Retention volumes of precursors and intermediates of the mevalonate-independent terpenoid pathway Retention Chemical compound volume [ml] 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 6.0 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate 15 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate 13.5 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 30.8 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl- 41.3 D-erythritol 2-phosphate 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate 31.5 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate 42.8

EXAMPLE 20 Purification of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

[0231] The crude cell free extract obtained from the feeding experiment with recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo-pACYCgcpE using [2-¹⁴C]— and [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see example 16) is lyophilized. The residue is dissolved in 600 μl of water and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 ppm. Aliquots of 90 μl are applied on a column of Nucleosil 10 SB (4.6×250 mm, Macherey & Nagel, Düren, Germany) which is developed with a linear gradient of 0.1-0.25 M ammonium formate in 70 ml at a flow rate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The retention volumes for 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate are 25 and 44 ml, respectively. Fractions are collected and lyophilized. NMR data of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate are identical with the data shown in example 18, Table 2.

EXAMPLE 21 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF and ispG Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME synthase, CDP-ME kinase cMEPP synthase and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase

[0232] The E. coli ORF ispG (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCGGGAGACCGCGGGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCMTTCG-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGCTTCCCAGCGGCCGCTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGMCG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0233] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0234] 1.4 μg of the vector pBScyclo (Example 5) and 0.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SaclI and NotI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0235] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclogcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclogcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0236] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclogcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338). The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpE is shown in Annex H.

EXAMPLE 22 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG and lytB Genes of Escherichia coli capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase, cMEPP Synthase, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase and LytB

[0237] The E. coli ORF lytB (accession no. gb AE005179) from base pair (bp) position 7504 to 8454 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-AAATCGGAGCTCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTGCTCCGCGGTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0238] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0239] 1.3 μg of the vector pBScyclogcpE (Example 21) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SacI and SaclI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0240] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 16 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0241] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE005179).

EXAMPLE 23 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclogcpE using [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0242] 0.1 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with E. coli strain XI1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBScyclogcpE. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 4.8-5.0, 30 mg (0.1 mmol) of cytidine are added. A solution containing 1.2 g of lithium lactate (12.5 mmol), 6 ml of crude [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.05 mmol) (see examples 8, 9 and 10) in 0.1 M Tris hydrochloride (pH=7.5) at a final volume of 30 ml are added continously within 2 hours. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O or in 700 μl of a mixture of methanol and D₂O (6:4, v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification.

[0243] The relative amount of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate could be raised by a factor of approximately 2-3 by the addition of lithium lactate to the medium.

EXAMPLE 24 Preparation of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl Diphosphate Triammonium Salt (8)

[0244] General. Chemicals are obtained from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany), SIGMA-ALDRICH (Deisenhofen, Germany), MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany) and used without further purification. Solvents are used distilled and/or dried. Chromatography is performed on silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, Fluka Riedel-de Haen, Taufkirchen, Germany), DOWEX 50 WX8 (200-400 mesh, SERVA, Heidelberg, Germany), and Cellulose (Avicel, Cellulose mikrokristallin, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). TLC is performed on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plastic sheets (MERCK) or cellulose F plastic sheets (MERCK), detection by anisaldeyde solution (anisaldehyde:H₂SO₄:HAc 0.5:1:50 v/v/v). NMR-spectra are recorded on BRUKER AMX 400, DRX 500, and AC 250 spectrometer at room temperature.

Acetonyl tetrahydropyranyl ether (12) (Hagiwara et al., 1984).

[0245] A mixture of 339 mg (1.35 mmol) of pyridinium-toluene-4-sulfonate, 9.35 ml (10.0 g, 0.135 mol) of hydroxyacetone, and 24.7 ml (22.7 g, 0.270 mol) of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran is stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. Residual 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran is removed under reduced pressure. The crude mixture is purified by FC on silicagel (hexanes/acetone 4:1, 6.5×20 cm) to yield 18.7 g (0.118 mol, 88%) of a colorless liquid.

[0246]¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 4.62 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.47 (m,1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.49 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 206.7, 98.7, 72.3, 62.3, 30.2, 26.5, 25.2, 19.2; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 159 [M+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2enoate (13) (Watanabe et al., 1996)

[0247] 33.0 g (94.8 mmol) of (ethoxycarbonylmethylen)-triphenylphosphorane are dissolved in 500 ml of dry toluene under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. Then, 10.0 g (63.2 mmol) of acetonyl tetrahydropyranyl ether 12 are added and the mixture is heated to reflux. After 39 h at this temperature the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure to yield an orange oil. Major amounts of triphenylphosphinoxide are precipitated by the addition of 100 ml hexanes/acetone 9:1. After filtration the filtrate is concentrated and another 100 ml of hexanes/acetone 9:1 are added. The solid is filtered off and the solvent removed to yield 18 g of an orange oil that is purified by FC on silicagel (hexanes/acetone 9:1, 6.5×28 cm) to yield 12.9 g (56.5 mmol, 89%) of a mixture of (E)-13/(Z)-13=5:1.

[0248] (E)413). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.96 (q, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (t, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=15.5 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (dd, J=15.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 2.08 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.26 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 166.8, 154.7, 114.5, 98.0, 70.6, 62.0, 59.7, 30.3, 25.3, 19.1, 15.9, 14.3; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 229 [M+1]⁺. (Z)-(13). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.71 (q, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=15.5 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (dd, J=15.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.97 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 165.9, 156.8, 116.9, 98.7, 66.5, 62.3, 59.8, 30.6, 25.3, 21.9, 19.5, 14.3; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 229 [M+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-2-Methyl 1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2-ene-4-ol (14) (Watanabe et al., 1996)

[0249] A solution of ester 13 (8.73 g, 38.2 mmol) in 100 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂ is cooled to −78° C. Then, 91.8 ml (91.8 mmol) of 1.0 M DIBAH in hexanes are added slowly under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The resulting solution is stirred for 3 h at −78° C. before the reaction is quenched by the addtion of 1.5 ml of 1 M NaOH. After warming to room temperature the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The resulting gummy residue is widely dissolved by adding twice 100 ml of MeOH. The resulting mixture is passed through a column of SiO₂, evaporated from the solvent and then loaded on a column of SiO/Na₂SO₄ that is purged with 1400 ml of MeOH. Evaporation of the solvent gives 9.5 g of a colorless liquid that is purified by FC on silica gel (hexanes/acetone 1:3, 6.5×16 cm) to yield 6.98 g (37.4 mmol, 98%) of a colorless liquid (E)-14/(Z)-14=6:1.

[0250] (E)-(14). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.68 (tq, J=6.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.69 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 135.7, 125.4, 97.8, 71.9, 62.1, 59.1, 30.5, 25.4, 19.4, 14.1; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 169 [M−H₂O+1]⁺. (Z)-(14). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.64 (tq, J=6.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.79 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 136.2, 128.6, 96.6, 65.1, 61.8, 58.1, 30.3, 25.3, 21.9, 19.0; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 169 [M−H₂O+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-4-Chloro-2-methyl 1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2en (15) (Hwang et al., 1984)

[0251] To a solution of alcohol 14 (1.00 g, 5.37 mmol) in 10 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂ are added 918 mg (7.52 mmol) of DMAP in 10 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂ and 1.23 g (6.44 mmol) of p-TsCl in 10 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂. The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure the residue is purified by FC on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂, 5×20 cm) to obtain 693 mg (3.39 mmol, 63%) of a colorless liquid (E)-15/(Z)-15=6:1.

[0252] (E)-(15). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.77 (tq, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.52 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.77 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 138.6, 121.7, 97.8, 71.3, 62.1, 40.2, 30.5, 25.4, 19.3, 13.9; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 205 [M+1]⁺. (Z)-(15). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.65 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.52 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.86 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 138.3, 124.6, 97.5, 64.7, 62.2, 40.1, 30.5, 25.4, 21.8, 19.4; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 205 [M+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-2-Methyl 1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2-enyl Diphosphate Triammonium Salt (16) (Davisson et al., 1986)

[0253] To a solution of chloride 15 (260 mg, 1.27 mmol) in 1.3 ml of MeCN a solution of 1.38 g (1.52 mmol) tris(tetra-n-butylammonium)hydrogen pyrophosphate in 3.0 ml of MeCN is added slowly at room temperature, obtaining an orange-red solution. The reaction is followed by ¹H-NMR, taking advantage of the up field shift of the multiplet of H-3. After 2 h the reaction is finished and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The orange oil is dissolved in 2.5 ml of H₂O and passed through a column of DOWEX 50 WX8 (2.5×3 cm) cation-exchange resin (NH₄ ⁺ form) that has been equilibrated with two column volumes (40 ml) of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The column is eluted with 60 ml of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The resulting solution is lyophilized, dissolved in 5 ml of isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1 and loaded on a cellulose column (2×18 cm) that is eluted by isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1. The effluent is lyophilized obtaining 495 mg (1.25 mmol, 98%) of (E)-16/(Z)-16=6:1 as a white solid.

[0254] (E)-(16). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.52 (tq, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.38 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.40-1.32 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 136.4, 123.9, (dd, J=8.0, 2.3 Hz), 98.5, 72.5, 63.2, 62.2 (d, J=5.3 Hz), 29.9, 24.5, 19.0, 13.4; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −5.62 (d, J=20.9 Hz), −7.57 (d, J=20.8 Hz). (Z)-(16). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.52 (t, J=6.8, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.38 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 3H), 1.61-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.32 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 136.3, 125.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz), 98.6, 72.5, 63.2, 61.8 (d, J=5.1 Hz), 29.9, 24.5, 20.8, 19.0; 31P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −5.69 (d, J=20.8 Hz), −7.68 (d, J=20.8 Hz).

(E,Z)-1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate triammonium salt (8) (Davisson et al., 1986)

[0255] 268 mg (0.675 mmol) of protected pyrophosphate 16 are dissolved in 2.0 ml of D₂O and the pH is adjusted to 1 by addition of 40 μl of 37% DCl in D₂O. After 1 min at this pH the solution is neutralized by addition of 40 μl of 40% NaOD in D₂O and an ¹H NMR is measured that demonstrated 50% deprotection. The procedure is repeated until deprotection is finished and just small amounts of decomposition product are formed to get in total 7 min at pH 1. Purification is performed by loading the neutral solution that is diluted by addition of 2 ml of isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1 on a cellulose column (isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1, 2×10.5 cm) to yield 193 mg (0.616 mmol, 91%) of a white solid of (E)-81(Z)-8=7:1.

[0256] (E)-(8). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.51 (tq, J=6.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 2H), 1.59 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 139.8, 120.6 (d, J=7.7 Hz), 66.5, 62.4 (d, J=5.3 Hz), 13.2; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −4.48 (d, J=20.8 Hz), −7.06 (d, J=20.8 HZ). (Z)-(8). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.49 (tm, J=6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.41 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 1.70 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 139.8, 123.5 (d, J=7.7 Hz), 61.7 (d, J=5.1 Hz), 59.9, 20.6; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −4.48 (d, J=20.8 Hz), −7.06 (d, J=20.8 Hz).

[0257] Reagents and conditions (steps (a) to (f) in FIG. 4: 1): (a) DHP, PPTS, 25° C. (2.5 h); (b) Ph₃PCHCO₂Et, toluene, reflux (39 h); (c) (1) DIBAH, CH₂Cl₂, −78° C. (3 h), (2) 1 M NaOH/H₂O; (d) p-TsCl, DMAP, CH₂Cl₂, 25° C. (1 h); (e) ((CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₄N)₃HP₂O₇, MeCN, 25° C. (2 h); (f), HCl/H₂O pH 1, 25° C. (7 min).

EXAMPLE 25 Identification of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

[0258] The structure of the GcpE product is further analyzed by comparison with the chemical shifts of a synthetic sample of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

[0259] For this purpose, [2-¹⁴C]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (0.36 μCi) is added to a cell extract obtained from bioengineered Escherichia coli cells endowed with artificial gene constructs expressing xylB, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF and gcpE gene which are supplied with [U—¹³C₅]-1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see example 16). The supernatant of the cell extract is purified by HPLC (Nucleosil 5 SB, 7.5×250 mm, developed with a gradient of 100 mM to 250 mM NH₄HCOO, flow rate 2 ml/min, 35 min). The product is eluted at 23 min and collected. After lyophilization the residue is dissolved in D₂O (pH 6) and subjected to ¹H NMR analysis (FIG. 3-A).

[0260] Then, 40 μl of a solution of synthetically prepared (E,Z)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate (E/Z=7:1) (D₂O, pH 7) are added to the NMR sample and again analyzed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (FIG. 3-B). On the one hand, as shown in FIG. 3-B, signals accounting for (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl are selectively increased, providing evidence that the biologically produced structure is identical with the synthetically produced one, i.e. the (E)-isomer. On the other hand, the minor (Z)-isomer raises without any correlation to signals of the biologically afforded product. FIG. 3-C shows the same effects after addtion of another 40 μl of solution of the synthetically prepared (E,Z)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

EXAMPLE 26 Incorporation of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate into the Lipid Soluble Fraction of Capsicum annuum Chromoplasts

[0261] Chromoplasts are isolated by a slight modification of a method described by Camara (Camara, 1985; Camara, 1993). Pericarp of red pepper (650 g) is homogenized at 4° C. in 600 ml of 50 mM Hepes, pH 8.0, containing 1 mM DTE, 1 mM EDTA and 0.4 M sucrose (buffer A). The suspension is filtered through four layers of nylon cloth (50 μm) and centrifuged (10 min, 4,500 rpm, GSA rotor) to obtain a pellet of crude chromoplasts which is homogenized in 200 ml of buffer A. The suspension is centrifuged (10 min, 4,500 rpm, GSA rotor). The pellet is homogenized and resuspended in 3 ml of 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, containing 1 mM DTE. The suspension is filtered through one layer of nylon cloth (50 μm).

[0262] Reaction mixtures contain 100 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 2 mM MnCl₂, 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM NaF, 2 mM NADP⁺, 1 mM NADPH, 6 mM ATP, 20 μM FAD and 2 mg of chromoplasts. 8.8 nmol of [2-¹⁴C]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, [2-¹⁴C]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate or [2-¹⁴C]isopentenyl diphosphate (specific concentrations 15.8 μCi/μmol) are added and the mixtures are incubated at 30° C. overnight. The reaction is terminated by methylene chloride extraction. The organic phase is concentrated under a stream of nitrogen. Aliquots are spotted on silica gel plates (Polygram SIL-G, UV254, Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). The plates are developed with hexane:ether=6:1 (system I) and/or hexane:toluene=9:1 (system II), respectively. The chromatograms are monitored with a phosphor imager (Storm 860, Molecular dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA). The R_(f)-values of geranylgeraniol and the carotene fraction in system I are 0.35 and 0.9, respectively. The R_(f)-values of β-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene in system II are 0.65, 0,60 and 0.55, respectively.

[0263] The evaluation of the chromatogramms show that radioactivity can be efficiently diverted from 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate into the geranylgeraniol, β-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene fractions of C. annuum chromoplasts establishing 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate as a real intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway downstream from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and upstream from isopentenyl diphosphate.

EXAMPLE 27 Construction of a Vector Carrying the ispG (gcpE) and ispH (lytB) Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression Thereof

[0264] The E. coli ORF ispH (lytB) (accession no. gb AE000113) from base pair (bp) position 5618 to 6568 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTTGCGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCCACC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTGCTCGGCCGTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0265] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0266] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0267] 2.4 μg of the vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen 1978, NEB) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and EagI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0268] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYClytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYClytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0269] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYClytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prismä Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000113).

[0270] The E. coli ORF ispG (gcpE) (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGTACCGGATCCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCCATCGTCGACTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACGTC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0271] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0272] 2.0 μg of the vector pACYClytB and 0.9 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0273] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 23 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 ul of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYClytBgcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYClytBgcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0274] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYClytBgcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

[0275] The DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYClytBgcpE is shown in Annex I.

[0276] The DNA and corresponding amino acid sequence of ispH (lytB) from Escherichia coli is shown in Annex J.

EXAMPLE 28 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG and ispH Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase cMEPP Synthase, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase and IPP/DMAPP Synthase

[0277] The E. coli ORFs ispG (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) are amplified by PCR using the plasmid pACYClytBgcpE (see example 27) as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCGGGAGACCGCGGGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTCAACG′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-AGGCTGGCGGCCGCTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′, 2 ng of pACYCgcpElytB DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0278] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 150 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0279] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0280] 1.7 μg of the vector pBScyclo (Example 5) and 1.3 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SaclI and NotI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0281] 22 ng of the purified vector DNA and 19 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0282] The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpElytB2 is shown in Annex K.

EXAMPLE 29 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclogcpElytB2 using [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

[0283] 0.1 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with E. coli strain XI1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. for overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 1.3-1.7 a solution containing 2.4 g of lithium lactate (25 mmol), 10 ml of crude [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.05 mmol) (see example 8) at a final volume of 30 ml (pH=7.4) are added continously within 2 hours. Aliquots of 40 ml are taken at time intervals of 30 minutes and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 ml of a mixture of methanol and D₂O (6:4, v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification.

EXAMPLE 30 Structure Determination of Isopentenyl Diphosphate (IPP) and Dimethylallyl Diphosphate (DMAPP)

[0284] The ¹H-decoupled ¹³C NMR spectrum using [U—¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose as starting material (see examples 8 and 30) displays five intense ¹C—¹³C coupled signals belonging to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000) and five ¹³C—¹³C coupled signals with low intensities belonging to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate (see example 18) (100:3 ratio for the 2-methyl ¹³C NMR signal intensities of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, respectively).

[0285] In addition a set of, five ¹³C—¹³C coupled signals at 21.6 (doublet), 37.8 (triplet), 64.1 (doublet), 111.6 (doublet), and 143.3 ppm (doublet of triplets) (unknown metabolite A) accompanied by signals at 21.1 (doublet), 39.6 (triplet), 59.3 (doublet), 111.8 (doublet), and 143.2 ppm (doublet of triplets) (unknown metabolite B) is detected. The ratio of the 2-methyl signal of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and the putative methyl signals of the unknown compounds at 21.6 ppm (metabolite A) and 21.1 ppm (metabolite B) is 100:24:4, respectively.

[0286] Moreover, ¹³C coupled signals with low intensities belonging to another unknown compound (metabolite C) at 17.1 (doublet), 24.9 (doublet), 62.7 (doublet), 119.6 (double-doublet) and 139.4 ppm (multiplet) are detected. The ratio of the intensities of the putative methyl signals at 21.6 (metabolite A), 17.1 and 24.9 (metabolite C) is 100:13:13, respectively.

[0287] The ³¹P NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture is characterized by intense signals for 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000). Furthermore, ³¹P³¹P coupled broadened signals are observed at a chemical shift range typical for organic diphosphates (−6 to −13 ppm, ³¹P³¹P coupling constants, 20 Hz).

[0288] Metabolite A:

[0289] The signals of metabolite A at 111.6 and 143.3 ppm are conducive of a double bond motif, and the signals at 64.1, 37.8 and 21.6 ppm reflect three aliphatic carbon atoms one of which (signal at 64.1 ppm) appears to be connected to OH or OR (R=unknown).

[0290] Additional information about the structure of the unknown metabolite A can be gleaned from the ¹³C coupling pattern. Three of the ¹³C NMR signals (21.6, 64.1 and 111.6 ppm) are split into doublets indicating three ¹³C atoms each connected to only one ¹³C-labelled neighbour, one signal (37.8 ppm) displays a pseudo-triplet signature indicating a ¹³C atom with two adjacent ¹³C atoms, and one signal (143.3 ppm) is split into a doublet of triplets indicating a ¹³C atom with three ¹³C connections. In conjunction with the chemical shifts, this connectivity pattern establish metabolite A as an isopentenyl derivative.

[0291] The complex signature for the signal at 143.3 ppm deserves a more detailed analysis. The large coupling (71 Hz) is typical for ¹³C¹³C couplings between carbon atoms involved in carbon-carbon double bonds. A 71 Hz coupling is also found for the doublet signal at 111.6 ppm representing the second carbon of the double bond. Due to the coupling pattern and the chemical shifts the presence of an exo-methylene function is obvious. The two additional ¹³C couplings found in the triplet substructure of the signal at 143.3 ppm are both 41 Hz, and establish the respective carbon as the branching point of the structure.

[0292] HMQC experiments reveal the ¹H NMR chemical shifts, as well as ¹³C—¹H and ¹-¹H spin systems. More specifically, the ¹³C NMR signal at 111.6 ppm correlates to a ¹H NMR signal at 4.73 ppm, whereas the signal at 143.3 ppm gives no ¹³C—¹H correlation. The signals at 64.1, 37.8, and 21.6 ppm give ¹³C—¹H correlations to ¹H-signals at 4.00, 2.31, and 1.68 ppm, respectively. As shown by HMQC-TOCSY experiments, the proton signals at 2.31 and 4.00 are coupled, whereas the signals at 4.73 and 1.68 ppm are found as singlets in the HMQC-TOCSY experiment. The observed ¹H NMR chemical shifts in combination with the coupling patterns demonstrate that metabolite A is an isopentenyl derivative with a single bonded heteroatom (most plausibly O) at position 1.

[0293] The ³¹C and ¹H chemical shifts of an authentic sample of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, measured in the same solvent mixture) are identical to the chemical shifts assigned to metabolite A. Thus, metabolite A is identified as [U—¹³C₅]IPP.

[0294] Metabolite B:

[0295] As noted above, the coupling and correlation pattern of metabolite B observed in the ¹³C NMR signals, as well as in the HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY spectra, is virtually the same as for metabolite A (IPP) suggesting that the carbon connectivities of metabolite B and IPP are identical. As the most significant difference between the NMR data of metabolite B and IPP the ¹³C NMR chemical shift of one doublet signal for metabolite B (59.3 ppm) corresponding to the C-1 signal of IPP (64.1 ppm) is upfield shifted by 4.9 ppm. This suggests that a phosphate moiety is missing at C-1 in metabolite B. Therefore, metabolite B is assigned as [U—¹³C₅]isopentene-1-ol. Presumably, isopentene-1-ol is formed from IPP by the catalytic action of pyrophosphatases and phosphatases present in the experimental system.

[0296] Metabolite C:

[0297] As described above for metabolite A (IPP), the structure of metabolite C is assigned by NMR analysis. The ¹³C coupling pattern of the signals attributed to metabolite C (three doublets, one double-doublet, one multiplet) suggests that the compound is another isopentane derivative. The chemical shifts observed for the double-doublet (119.6 ppm) and the multiplet (139.4 ppm) show that a carbon-carbon double bond connects C-2 (coupled to two ¹³C neighbours) and C-3 (coupled to three ¹³C neighbours) of the molecule.

[0298] The ¹H NMR chemical shifts of metabolite C are revealed by HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments showing two singlets at 1.75 and 1.71 ppm, and a spin system comprising signals at 5.43 and 4.45 ppm. In conjunction with the chemical shifts, this correlation pattern shows that metabolite C is a dimethylallyl derivative.

[0299] The ¹³C and ¹H NMR chemical shifts of an authentic sample of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) are identical to the chemical shifts of the signals attributed to metabolite C. This leaves no doubt that metabolite C is [U—¹³C₅]dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).

[0300] The NMR data of metabolite A (IPP) and metabolite C (DMAPP) are summarized in Tables 6 and 7. TABLE 6 NMR data of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) Chemical shifts, ppm Coupling constants, Hz Position ¹H^(a) ¹³C^(b) ³¹Pc J_(PC) J_(HH) J_(PP) J_(PH) J_(CC) ^(d) 1 4.00 64.1 4.9 6.6 6.6 34 2 2.31 37.8 8.0 6.7 40, 40 3 143.3 71, 41, 41 4 4.73 111.6 71 5 1.68 21.6 41 P −7.8 nd P −11.9 19, 5

[0301] TABLE 7 NMR data of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) Chemical shifts, ppm Coupling constants, Hz Position ¹H^(a) ¹³C^(b) ³¹Pc J_(PC) J_(HH) J_(PP) J_(PH) J_(CC) ^(d) 1 4.45 62.7 3.6 6.6 6.6 47 2 5.43 119.6 9.0 7.2 75, 48 3 139.4 nd 4 1.75 24.9 42 5 1.71 17.1 41 P −9.1 21.7 P −6.4 21.5

EXAMPLE 31 Cloning of the ispG Gene (Fragment) from Arabidopsis thaliana

[0302] RNA is isolated from 1 g of2 weeks old Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia plants (stems and leafs) by published procedures (Logemann et al. 1987).

[0303] A mixture containing 2.75 μg RNA, 50 nmol dNTP's, 1 μg random hexameric primer, 1 μg T₁₅-primer and 20% first strand 5× buffer (Promega) in a total volume of 50 pi is incubated for 5 min. at 95° C., cooled on ice and 500 U M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega) are added. The mixture is incubated for 1 h at 42° C. After incubation at 92° C. for 5 min, RNase A (20 U) and RNase H (2 U) are added and the mixture is incubated for 30 min. at 37° C.

[0304] The resulting cDNA (1 μl of this mixture) is used for the amplification of ispG by PCR.

[0305] The A. thaliana ORF ispG (accession no. dbj AB005246) without the coding region for the putative leader sequence from basepair (bp) position 2889 to 6476 is amplified by PCR using cDNA froom A. thaliana as template. The reaction mixture contains 25 pmol of primer CCTGCATCCGAAGGAAGCCC, 25 pmol of primer CAGTTTTCAAAGAATGGCCC, 1 μl of cDNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl in 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0306] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 95° C. Then 40 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen. 1.7 μg of purified PCR product are obtained.

[0307] The PCR amplificate is used as template for a second PCR reaction. The reaction mixture contains 25 pmol of primer TGAATCAGGATCCAAGACGGTGAGAAGG, 25 pmol of primer TCCGTTTGGTACCCTACTCATCAGCCACGG, 2 μl of the first PCR amplification, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0308] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 95° C. Then 40 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. follow. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0309] The PCR amplificate is purified with PCR purification kit from Qiagen. 1.4 μg of purified PCR product are obtained 2.0 μg of the vector pQE30 and 1.4 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and KpnI in order to produce cohesive ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0310] 20 ng of vector DNA and 12 ng of PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pQEgcpEara. The ligation mixture is incubated over night at 4° C. 2 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue and M15[pREP4] (Zamenhof et. al., 1972) cells. The plasmid pQEgcpEara is isolated as described above 7 μg of plasmid DNA are obtained.

[0311] The DNA insert of the plasmid pQEgcpEara is sequenced as described above. The DNA sequence is found not to be identical with the sequence in the database (accession no. dbj AB005246, see Annex L).

EXAMPLE 32 Screening of lspG (GcpE) Enzyme Activity

[0312] 0.2 g cells of XL1-pACYClytBgcpE are suspended in 1 ml 50 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.4 and 2 mM DTT, cooled on ice and sonified 3×7 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 80% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant is used as crude cell extract in assays described as follows.

[0313] The assay mixture contains 100 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7;4, 1.2 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mM NaF, 1 mM CoCl₂, 2 mM NADH, 20 mM (18 μCi mol⁻¹) [2-¹⁴C]2C-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate, 0.5 mM pamidronate and 100 μl crude cell extract of XL1-pACYClytBgcpE in a total volume of 150 μl. The mixture is incubated for 10 to 45 min at 37° C. and cooled on ice. 10 μL of 30% (g/v) trichloroacetic acid are added and the mixture is neutralized with 20 μl of 1 M NaOH. The mixture is centrifuged at 14.000 rpm for 10 minutes. Aliquotes of 130 μl of the supernatant are analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, CS-Chromatographie Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany).

[0314] The column is developed with a linear gradient of 7-21% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0 at a flow rate of 1 ml min⁻¹ and further with a linear gradient of 21-49% (v/v) methanol in 15 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. After washing the column with 49% (v/v) methanol in 5 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0, the column is equilibrated with 7% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. The effluent is monitored by a continous-flow radio detector (Beta-RAM, Biostep GmbH, Jahnsdorf, Germany). The retention volumes of 2C-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl4-diphosphate, DMAPP/IPP are 18, 24 and 39 ml respectively.

[0315] After 10 minutes of incubation, about 13% of 2C-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate have been converted into 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate (5%) and into DMAPP/IPP (8%), respectively.

[0316] After 45 min, no 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate, but about 21% of DMAPP/IPP was found in the assay mixture.

EXAMPLE 33 Screening of lspH (LytB) Activity

[0317] Assay mixtures contain 100 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.4,1.2 mM DTT, 10 mM NaF, 0.5 mM NADH, 60 μM FAD, 0.004 μM (18 μCi μmol⁻¹) [2-¹⁴C]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate, 0.5 mM pamidronate (Dunford et al., 2001) and 20 μl of crude cell extract of M15-pMALtytB cells (prepared as described in example 2) in a total volume of 150 μl. The mixture is incubated for 30 min at 37° C. The reaction is terminated by cooling on ice, addition of 10 μl of 30% (glv) trichloroacetic acid and immediate neutralization with 20 μl 1 M sodium hydroxide. The mixtures are centrifuged and aliquots (130 μl) of the supernatant are analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, CS-Chromatographie Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany) analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, CS-Chromatographie Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany). The column is developed with a linear gradient of 7-21% (vlv) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0 at a flow rate of 1 ml min⁻¹ and further with a linear gradient of 21-49% (v/v) methanol in 15 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. After washing the column with 49% (v/v) methanol in 5 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0, the column is equilibrated with 7% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. The effluent is monitored by a continous-flow radio detector (Beta-RAM, Biostep GmbH, Jahnsdorf, Germany).

[0318] Under standard assay conditions, the HPLC peak corresponding to the substrate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate is completely diminished, whereas two new peaks corresponding to DMAPP and IPP appear, when crude cell extract of E. coli M15-pMALlytB cells is used as protein source. No conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into DMAPP and IPP can be observed, when crude cell extract of E. coli wild-type is used as protein source. This findings clearly show that the FAD and NADH- or NADPH-dependent conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into DMAPP and IPP is catalyzed by the recombinant LytB protein. The addition of pamidronate in the assay mixtures prevents a further metabolization of IPP and DMAPP by highly active prenyl transferases present in crude E. coli extracts and affects therefore the complete conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4diphosphate into DMAPP and IPP.

EXAMPLE 34 Construction of a Vector Carrying the dxs, xylB and ispC Genes Capable for the Transcription and Expression Thereof

[0319] The B. subitis ORF dxs (accession no. dbj D84432) from base pair (bp) position 193991 to 195892 is amplified by PCR using pBSDXSBACSU plasmid DNA as template (see patent application PCT/EP00/07548). The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGCGACTCGCGAGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGGATCTTTTATCAATACAGGACC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGCACCCGGCCGTCATGATCCAATTCCTTTGTGTG-3′, 20 ng DNA of pBSDXSBACSU plasmid, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0320] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 120 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0321] 2.4 μg of the vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen 1978, NEB) and 1.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with NruI and EagI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0322] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 19 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCdxs. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCdxs is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0323] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCdxs is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (dbj D84432).

[0324] 2.0 μg of the vector pACYCdxs and 8 μg of the vector pBScyclo (see example XXx) are digested with EagI and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0325] 20 ng of the digested and purified pACYCdxs vector DNA and 30 ng of a by DNA electrophoresis separated and purified 2.7 kb EagI/SalI fragment (containing the ORFs xylB and ispC from E. coli) are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispC. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispC is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0326] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispC is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions.

EXAMPLE 35

[0327] Construction of a vectors carrying the dxs, xylB, ispC, and ispG and optionally ispH genes capable for the transcription and expression thereof

[0328] The E. coli ORF ispH (lytB) (accession no. gb AE000113) from base pair (bp) position 5618 to 6568 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTTGCGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCCACC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTGCTCTCGAGTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0329] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0330] 2.5 μg of the vector pACYCdxsxylBispC (see example 34) are linearized with SalI and 0.9 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0331] 15 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispClytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C.

[0332] 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispClytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0333] The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispClytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000113).

[0334] The E. coli ORF ispG (gcpE) (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGTCGAGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCCATCCTCGAGTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACGTC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0335] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0336] Each 2.0 μg of the vectors pACYCdxsxylBispC (see example 34) and pACYCdxsxylBispClytB (see above) are linearized with SalI and 1.1 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the, customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0337] 18 ng of the purified vector DNAs and 23 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmids pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE and pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE. The ligation mixtures are incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmids pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE and pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE are isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0338] The DNA inserts of the plasmids pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE and pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE are sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. They are identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

EXAMPLE 36 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE using [U—¹³C₆]glucose

[0339] 0.2 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 5 mg of chloramphenicol are inoculated with E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 1.7-2.4 a solution containing 1 g of lithium lactate (10 mmol), 200 mg [U—¹³C₆]glucose (1.1 mmol) at a final volume of 24 ml (pH=7.4) are added continously within 2 hours. Then, after 1 hour an aliquot of 40 ml was taken and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of a mixture of methanol-d₄ and D₂O (6:4, v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification.

[0340] The ¹³C-NMR spectra showed signals accounting for 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (cf. Tables 2 and 4, example 18) as major product. A formation of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cylodiphosphate could not be detected.

EXAMPLE 37 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE using Glucose

[0341] Example 36 can be carried out with recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE using glucose for converting glucose to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.

EXAMPLE 38 Cloning of the ispG Gene of Escherichia coli and Expression as Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MBP-lspG)

[0342] The E. coli ORF ispG (gcpE) (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GAACCGGAATTCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGAGGCGGATCCCATCACG-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0343] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0344] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0345] 2.2 μg of the vector pMAL-C2 (NEB) and 0.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with EcoRI and BamHI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0346] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 15 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pMALgcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pMALgcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0347] The DNA insert of the plasmid pMALgcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin,Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

EXAMPLE 39 Cloning of the ispH Gene of Escherichia coli and Expression as Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MBP-lspH)

[0348] The E. coli ORF ispH (lytB) (accession no. gb AE000113) from base pair (bp) position 5618 to 6568 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-TGGAGGGGATCCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCCACC-3′, 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCATTTCTGCAGAACTTAGGC-3′, 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

[0349] The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0350] The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

[0351] 2.2 μg of the vector pMAL-C2 (NEB) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and PsHI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

[0352] 20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 14 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pMALlytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pMallytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

[0353] The DNA insert of the plasmid pMALlytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000113).

EXAMPLE 40 Preparation and Purification of Recombinant lspG Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MRP-lspG)

[0354] 0.5 liter of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 90 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harboring plasmid pMALgcpE. The culture is grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.7, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. The culture is grown for further 5 h. The cells are harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, centrifuged as above and frozen at −20° C. for storage.

[0355] 2 g of the cells are thawed in 20 ml of 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.02% (g/v) sodium acide (buffer A) in the presence of 1 mg ml⁻¹ lysozyme and 100 μg ml ¹DNasel. The mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 30 min, cooled on ice and sonified 6×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 70% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15, 000 rpm at 4° C. for 30 min. The cell free extract is applied on a column of amylose resin FF (column volume 25 ml, NEB) previously equilibrated with buffer A at a flowrate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The column is washed with 130 ml of buffer A. MRP-lspG is eluted with a linear gradient of 0-10 mM maltose in buffer A. MRP-lspG containing fractions are combined according to SDS-PAGE and dialyzed overnight against 100 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4. The homogeneity of MRP-lspG is judged by SDS-PAGE. One band at 84 kDa is visible, which is in line with the calculated molecular mass. The yield of pure MRP-lspG is 9 mg.

EXAMPLE 41 Preparation and Purification of Recombinant lspH Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MRP-lspH)

[0356] 0.5 liter of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 90 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harboring plasmid pMALlytB. The culture is grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.7, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. The culture is grown for further 5 h. The cells are harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, centrifuged as above and frozen at −20° C. for storage.

[0357] 2 g of the cells are thawed in 20 ml of 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.02% (g/v) sodium acide (buffer A) in the presence of 1 mg ml⁻¹ lysozyme and 100 μg ml⁻¹ DNasel. The mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 30 min, cooled on ice and sonified 6×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 70% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15, 000 rpm at 4° C. for 30 min. The cell free extract is applied on a column of amylose resin FF (column volume 25 ml, NEB) previously equilibrated with buffer A at a flowrate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The column is washed with 130 ml of buffer A. MRP-lspH is eluted with a linear gradient of 0-10 mM maltose in buffer A. MRP-lspH containing fractions are combined according to SDS-PAGE and dialyzed overnight against 100 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4. The homogeneity of MRP-lspH is judged by SDS-PAGE. One band at 78 kDa is visible, which is in line with the calculated molecular mass. The yield of pure MRP-lspH is 14 mg.

EXAMPLE 42 Synthesis of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl4-diphosphate (see FIG. 7) 4-Chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al (Choi et al. (1999) J. Org. Chem. 64, 8051-8053)

[0358] A solution containing 1.17 ml of 2-methyl-2-vinyl-oxirane (12 mmol), 1.6 g of CuCl₂ (12 mmol) and 510 mg of LiCl (12 mmol) in 10 ml of ethylactetate was heated to 80° C. for 30 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 50 g of ice. The mixture was filtered through a sintered glass funnel under reduced pressure. 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted two times with 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by chromatography over silica gel (CH₂Cl₂, 3×37 cm) to yield 0.755 g of a yellow liquid (6.4 mmol, 53%).

[0359]¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 9.43 (s, 1H), 6.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (s, 3H) ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) δ 194.3, 145.7, 141.1, 38.6, 9.1

4Chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al-dimethyl-acetal

[0360] A solution of 184 mg 4chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al (1.55 mmol), 600 μl of HC(OMe)₃ (5.6 mmol) and a catalytic amount of p-TsOH was incubated for 3 h at room temperature. The crude mixture was purified by chromatography over silica gel (n-hexane/ethylacetate 7:3) to yield 177 mg of a colourless liquid (1.08 mmol, 72%).

[0361]¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.78 (t, 1H, J=7.9), 4.47 (s, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 6 H), 1.73 (s, 3H) ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃ 125 MHz) δ 137.6, 124.4, 106.0, 53.5, 39.6, 11.4

(E)-3-Formyl-2-buten-1-diphosphate Triammonium Salt (Davisson et al. (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, 4768)

[0362] To a solution of 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al-dimethyl-acetal chloride (25 mg, 0.15 mmol) in 250 μl of MeCN a solution of 0.162 g (0.18 mmol)of tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hydrogen pyrophosphate in 400 μL of MeCN was added slowly at room temperature, leading to an orange-red solution. After 2 h the reaction was finished and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The orange oil was dissolved in 3 mL of H₂O and passed through a column of DOWEX 50 WX8 (1×4 cm) cation-exchange resin (NH₄ ⁺ form) that has been equilibrated with 20 mL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The column was eluted with 20 mL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The resulting solution was lyophilized. The obtained solid was dissolved in 2 ml water and acidified with aqueouus HCl to pH=3. After 2 minutes the solution was neutralized and lyophylisized.

[0363]¹H NMR (D₂O, 360 MHz) δ 9.37 (s, 1H), 6.86 (t, 1H, 5.6 Hz), 4.85 (dd, J=7.9, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (s, 3H) ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 90 MHz) δ 199.2, 153.1 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 138.5, 63.2 (d, J=4.9), 8.5

[1-³H]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl-4-diphosphate

[0364] A solution containing 50 mCi (15 μmol) NaBH₃T, 15 μmol 3-formyl-2-buten-1-diphosphate triammonium salt and 100 mM Tris/HCl pH=8 was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The solution was acidified by adding 1 M HCl to pH=2. After 2 minutes the solution was neutralizied by adding 1 M NaOH.

[0365] The product was characterizied by ion-exchange chromatography (see examples 20 and 25).

EXAMPLE 43 γδ T Cell Stimulation Assays

[0366] PBMCs from healthy donors (donor A and donor B) are isolated from heparinized peripheral blood by density centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany). 5×10⁵ PBMCs/well are cultivated in 1 mL RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human AB serum (Kiinik rechts der Isar, Muinchen, Germany), 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 μM mercaptoethanol. Amounts of recombinant human IL-2 (kindly provided by Eurocetus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and substrates are varied from 1 to 10 U and 10 to 0.1 μM, respectively 20 μM IPP (Echelon, Research Laboratories Inc., Salt Lake City, USA) serves as a positive control whereas medium alone serves as negative control. Incubation is done for seven days at 37° C. in the presence of 7% CO₂. The harvested cells are double-stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody Vδ2 TCR and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated monoclonal CD3 antibody. The cells are analyzed using a FACScan supported with Celiquest (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany).

[0367] The substrates (E)-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl 4-diphosphate (HMBPP) and 3-formyl-but-2-enyl 1-diphosphate (Aldehyd) were prepared synthetically as described above.

[0368] It is found that both synthetically prepared substrates (HMBPP and Aldehyd) show at least double stimulation compared to IPP when used at a concentration that is 200-fold lower than the concentration of the IPP sample (Table 8). TABLE 8 Activation of γδT-cells by phosphororganic compounds Concentration IL-2 % γδT-cells Substrate [μM] [U] Donor A Donor B Medium — 1 1.51 2.75 Medium — 5 1.45 2.23 Medium — 10 1.32 1.68 IPP 20 1 8.19 6.24 IPP 20 5 14.42 9.32 IPP 20 10 16.6 11.86 IPP 1 1 1.56 2.22 IPP 1 5 1.59 2.67 IPP 1 10 1.71 2.19 IPP 0.1 1 1.3 2.15 IPP 0.1 5 1.3 2.26 IPP 0.1 10 1.01 2.54 HMBPP 10 1 3.3 31.42 HMBPP 10 5 17.38 63.48 HMBPP 10 10 24.94 63.34 HMBPP 1 1 5.57 35.34 HMBPP 1 5 14.4 54.12 HMBPP 1 10 19.85 55.90 HMBPP 0.1 1 11.78 32.21 HMBPP 0.1 5 22.92 44.69 HMBPP 0.1 10 34.69 36.33 HMBPP/IPP 0.5/0.5 1 7 30.35 HMBPP/IPP 0.5/0.5 5 15.38 53.76 HMBPP/IPP 0.5/0.5 10 24.19 46.58 Aldehyd 10 1 12.19 30.69 Aldehyd 10 5 34.69 30.33 Aldehyd 10 10 38.99 38.85 Aldehyd 1 1 15.91 21.18 Aldehyd 1 5 40.13 30.76 Aldehyd 1 10 48.28 36.69 Aldehyd 0.1 1 10 13.54 Aldehyd 0.1 5 19.77 18.45 Aldehyd 0.1 10 21.93 25.82 Aldehyd/IPP 0.5/0.5 1 13.98 22.11 Aldehyd/IPP 0.5/0.5 5 33.94 32.06 Aldehyd/IPP 0.5/0.5 10 42.84 36.25

EXAMPLE 44 High Through-Put Screening Assay of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase (lspG) Activity

[0369] Assay mixtures contain 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, 0.4 mM NADH, 0.5 mM CoCl₂, 0.2 mM 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, and 50 μl protein in a total volume of 1 ml. The mixtures are incubated at 37° C. The oxidation of NADH is monitored photometrically at 340 nm. Alternatively, the concentration of NADH is determined by measuring the relative fluorescence of NADH at 340 nm excitation/460 nm emission.

EXAMPLE 45 High Through-Put Screening Assay of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate Reductase (lspH) Activity

[0370] Assay mixtures contain 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, pH 8.0, 0.4 mM NADH, 20 μM FAD, 0.5 mM CoCl₂, 0.2 mM 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate, and 50 μl protein in a total volume of 1 ml. The mixtures are incubated at 37° C. The oxidation of NADH is monitored photometrically at 340 nm. Alternatively, the concentration of NADH is determined by measuring the relative fluorescence of NADH at 340 nm excitation/460 nm emission.

[0371] References

[0372] Altincicek, B., Kollas, A. K., Sanderbrand, S., Wiesner, J., Hintz, M., Beck, E. & Jomaa, H. (2001). GcpE is involved in the 2-C-Methyl-D-Erythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway of isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 183, 2411-2416.

[0373] Altincicek, B. et al. and Jomaa, H. (2001) J. Immunology, 166, 3655-3658.

[0374] Arigoni D. & Schwarz M. K. (1999) Ginkgolide biosynthesis. In Comprehensive natural product chemistry (Barton D. and Nakanishi K., eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 367-399, Pergamon.

[0375] Begley, T. P., Downs, D. M., Ealick, S. E., McLafferty, F. W., VanLoon, A. P. G. M., Taylor, S., Campobasso, N., Chiu, H.-J., Kinsland, C., Reddick, J. J. & Xi, J. (1999) Thiamin biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Arch. Microbiol. 171, 293-300.

[0376] Blagg, B. S. J. & Poulter, C. D. (1999) Synthesis of 1deoxy-D-xylulose and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. J. Org. Chem. 64, 1508-1511.

[0377] Bullock, W. O., Fernandez, J. M., & Short, J. M. (1987). XL1-Blue: a high efficiency plasmid transforming recA Escherichia coli with β-galactosidase selection. BioTechniques 5, 376-379.

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[0381] Chang, A. C. Y. & Cohen, S. N. (1978) Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. J. Bacteriol. 134, 1141-1145.

[0382] Cunningham, F. X. Jr., Lafond, T. P. & Gantt E. (2000). Evidence of a role for LytB in the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 182, 5841-5848.

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[0385] Eisenreich, W., Rohdich, F. & Bacher, A. (2001) Deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway to terpenoids. Trends in Plant Science 6, 78-84.

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[0390] Herz, S., Wungsintaweekul, J., Schuhr, C. A., Hecht, S., Lüttgen, H., Sagner, S., Fellermeier, M., Eisenreich, W., Zenk, M. H., Bacher, A. & Rohdich, F. (2000). Biosynthesis of terpenoids: YgbB protein converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 2486-2490.

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1 58 1 50 DNA Artificial Sequence xylB 5′ PCR primer 1 ccgtcggaat tcgaggagaa attaaccatg tatatcggga tagatcttgg 50 2 37 DNA Artificial Sequence xyl B 3′ PCR primer 2 gcagtgaagc ttttacgcca ttaatggcag aagttgc 37 3 49 DNA Artificial Sequence dxr PCR primer 1 3 ctagccaagc ttgaggagaa attaaccatg aagcaactca ccattctgg 49 4 28 DNA Artificial Sequence dxr PCR primer 2 4 ggagatgtcg actcagcttg cgagacgc 28 5 49 DNA Artificial Sequence ispD PCR primer 1 5 ccgggagtcg acgaggagaa attaaccatg gcaaccactc atttggatg 49 6 32 DNA Artificial Sequence ispD PCR primer 2 6 gtccaactcg agttatgtat tctccttgat gg 32 7 49 DNA Artificial Sequence ispD/ispF PCR primer 1 7 ccgggagtcg acgaggagaa attaaccatg gcaaccactc atttggatg 49 8 33 DNA Artificial Sequence ispD/ispF PCR primer 2 8 tatcaactcg agtcattttg ttgccttaat gag 33 9 45 DNA Artificial Sequence ispE PCR primer 1 9 gcgaacctcg aggaggagaa attaaccatg cggacacagt ggccc 45 10 31 DNA Artificial Sequence ispE PCR primer 2 10 cctgacggta ccttaaagca tggctctgtg c 31 11 49 DNA Artificial Sequence gcpE PCR primer 1 11 cgtaccggat ccgaggagaa attaaccatg cataaccagg ctccaattc 49 12 36 DNA Artificial Sequence gcpE PCR primer 2 12 cccatcgtcg acttattttt caacctgctg aacgtc 36 13 23 DNA Artificial Sequence crtY/crtl/crtB PCR primer 1 13 cattgagaag cttatgtgca ccg 23 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence crtY/crtl/crtB PCR primer 2 14 ctccggggtc gacatggcgc 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence crtE PCR primer 1 15 ccgcatcttt ccaattgccg 20 16 23 DNA Artificial Sequence crtE PCR primer 2 16 atgcagcaag cttaactgac ggc 23 17 52 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG PCR primer 1 17 gcgggagacc gcgggaggag aaattaacca tgcataacca ggctccaatt cg 52 18 39 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG PCR primer 2 18 cgcttcccag cggccgctta tttttcaacc tgctgaacg 39 19 45 DNA Artificial Sequence lytB PCR primer 1 19 aaatcggagc tcgaggagaa attaaccatg cagatcctgt tggcc 45 20 34 DNA Artificial Sequence lytB PCR primer 2 20 gctgctccgc ggttaatcga cttcacgaat atcg 34 21 48 DNA Artificial Sequence ispH PCR primer 1 21 gcttgcgtcg acgaggagaa attaaccatg cagatcctgt tggccacc 48 22 34 DNA Artificial Sequence ispH PCR primer 2 22 gctgctcggc cgttaatcga cttcacgaat atcg 34 23 49 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG (gcpE) primer 1 23 cgtaccggat ccgaggagaa attaaccatg cataaccagg ctccaattc 49 24 36 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG (gcpE) primer 2 24 cccatcgtcg acttattttt caacctgctg aacgtc 36 25 55 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG/ispH primer 1 25 gcgggagacc gcgggaggag aaattaacca tgcataacca ggctccaatt caacg 55 26 36 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG/ispH primer 2 26 aggctggcgg ccgcttaatc gacttcacga atatcg 36 27 20 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG primer 1 27 cctgcatccg aaggaagccc 20 28 20 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG primer 2 28 cagttttcaa agaatggccc 20 29 28 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer 1 (example 31) 29 tgaatcagga tccaagacgg tgagaagg 28 30 30 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer 2 (example 31) 30 tccgtttggt accctactca tcagccacgg 30 31 52 DNA Artificial Sequence dxs primer 1 (example 34) 31 ggcgactcgc gagaggagaa attaaccatg gatcttttat caatacagga cc 52 32 35 DNA Artificial Sequence dxs primer 2 (example 34) 32 ggcacccggc cgtcatgatc caattccttt gtgtg 35 33 48 DNA Artificial Sequence ispH primer 1 (example 35) 33 gcttgcgtcg acgaggagaa attaaccatg cagatcctgt tggccacc 48 34 34 DNA Artificial Sequence ispH primer 2 (example 35) 34 gctgctctcg agttaatcga cttcacgaat atcg 34 35 49 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG primer 1 (example 35) 35 ggtcgagtcg acgaggagaa attaaccatg cataaccagg ctccaattc 49 36 36 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG primer 2 (example 35) 36 cccatcctcg agttattttt caacctgctg aacgtc 36 37 34 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG primer 1 (example 38) 37 gaaccggaat tcatgcataa ccaggctcca attc 34 38 19 DNA Artificial Sequence ispG primer 2 (example 38) 38 cgaggcggat cccatcacg 19 39 33 DNA Artificial Sequence ispH primer 1 (example 39) 39 tggaggggat ccatgcagat cctgttggcc acc 33 40 21 DNA Artificial Sequence ispH primer 2 (example 39) 40 gcatttctgc agaacttagg c 21 41 5628 DNA Artificial Sequence pBSxylBdxr 41 gtggcacttt tcggggaaat gtgcgcggaa cccctatttg tttatttttc taaatacatt 60 caaatatgta tccgctcatg agacaataac cctgataaat gcttcaataa tattgaaaaa 120 ggaagagtat gagtattcaa catttccgtg tcgcccttat tccctttttt gcggcatttt 180 gccttcctgt ttttgctcac ccagaaacgc tggtgaaagt aaaagatgct gaagatcagt 240 tgggtgcacg agtgggttac atcgaactgg atctcaacag cggtaagatc cttgagagtt 300 ttcgccccga agaacgtttt ccaatgatga gcacttttaa agttctgcta tgtggcgcgg 360 tattatcccg tattgacgcc gggcaagagc aactcggtcg ccgcatacac tattctcaga 420 atgacttggt tgagtactca ccagtcacag aaaagcatct tacggatggc atgacagtaa 480 gagaattatg cagtgctgcc ataaccatga gtgataacac tgcggccaac ttacttctga 540 caacgatcgg aggaccgaag gagctaaccg cttttttgca caacatgggg gatcatgtaa 600 ctcgccttga tcgttgggaa ccggagctga atgaagccat accaaacgac gagcgtgaca 660 ccacgatgcc tgtagcaatg gcaacaacgt tgcgcaaact attaactggc gaactactta 720 ctctagcttc ccggcaacaa ttaatagact ggatggaggc ggataaagtt gcaggaccac 780 ttctgcgctc ggcccttccg gctggctggt ttattgctga taaatctgga gccggtgagc 840 gtgggtctcg cggtatcatt gcagcactgg ggccagatgg taagccctcc cgtatcgtag 900 ttatctacac gacggggagt caggcaacta tggatgaacg aaatagacag atcgctgaga 960 taggtgcctc actgattaag cattggtaac tgtcagacca agtttactca tatatacttt 1020 agattgattt aaaacttcat ttttaattta aaaggatcta ggtgaagatc ctttttgata 1080 atctcatgac caaaatccct taacgtgagt tttcgttcca ctgagcgtca gaccccgtag 1140 aaaagatcaa aggatcttct tgagatcctt tttttctgcg cgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaa 1200 caaaaaaacc accgctacca gcggtggttt gtttgccgga tcaagagcta ccaactcttt 1260 ttccgaaggt aactggcttc agcagagcgc agataccaaa tactgtcctt ctagtgtagc 1320 cgtagttagg ccaccacttc aagaactctg tagcaccgcc tacatacctc gctctgctaa 1380 tcctgttacc agtggctgct gccagtggcg ataagtcgtg tcttaccggg ttggactcaa 1440 gacgatagtt accggataag gcgcagcggt cgggctgaac ggggggttcg tgcacacagc 1500 ccagcttgga gcgaacgacc tacaccgaac tgagatacct acagcgtgag ctatgagaaa 1560 gcgccacgct tcccgaaggg agaaaggcgg acaggtatcc ggtaagcggc agggtcggaa 1620 caggagagcg cacgagggag cttccagggg gaaacgcctg gtatctttat agtcctgtcg 1680 ggtttcgcca cctctgactt gagcgtcgat ttttgtgatg ctcgtcaggg gggcggagcc 1740 tatggaaaaa cgccagcaac gcggcctttt tacggttcct ggccttttgc tggccttttg 1800 ctcacatgtt ctttcctgcg ttatcccctg attctgtgga taaccgtatt accgcctttg 1860 agtgagctga taccgctcgc cgcagccgaa cgaccgagcg cagcgagtca gtgagcgagg 1920 aagcggaaga gcgcccaata cgcaaaccgc ctctccccgc gcgttggccg attcattaat 1980 gcagctggca cgacaggttt cccgactgga aagcgggcag tgagcgcaac gcaattaatg 2040 tgagttagct cactcattag gcaccccagg ctttacactt tatgcttccg gctcgtatgt 2100 tgtgtggaat tgtgagcgga taacaatttc acacaggaaa cagctatgac catgattacg 2160 ccaagcgcgc aattaaccct cactaaaggg aacaaaagct ggagctccac cgcggtggcg 2220 gccgctctag aactagtgga tcccccgggc tgcaggaatt cgaggagaaa ttaaccatgt 2280 atatcgggat agatcttggc acctcgggcg taaaagttat tttgctcaac gagcagggtg 2340 aggtggttgc tgcgcaaacg gaaaagctga ccgtttcgcg cccgcatcca ctctggtcgg 2400 aacaagaccc ggaacagtgg tggcaggcaa ctgatcgcgc aatgaaagct ctgggcgatc 2460 agcattctct gcaggacgtt aaagcattgg gtattgccgg ccagatgcac ggagcaacct 2520 tgctggatgc tcagcaacgg gtgttacgcc ctgccatttt gtggaacgac gggcgctgtg 2580 cgcaagagtg cactttgctg gaagcgcgag ttccgcaatc gcgggtgatt accggcaacc 2640 tgatgatgcc cggatttact gcgcctaaat tgctatgggt tcagcggcat gagccggaga 2700 tattccgtca aatcgacaaa gtattattac cgaaagatta cttgcgtctg cgtatgacgg 2760 gggagtttgc cagcgatatg tctgacgcag ctggcaccat gtggctggat gtcgcaaagc 2820 gtgactggag tgacgtcatg ctgcaggctt gcgacttatc tcgtgaccag atgcccgcat 2880 tatacgaagg cagcgaaatt actggtgctt tgttacctga agttgcgaaa gcgtggggta 2940 tggcgacggt gccagttgtc gcaggcggtg gcgacaatgc agctggtgca gttggtgtgg 3000 gaatggttga tgctaatcag gcaatgttat cgctggggac gtcgggggtc tattttgctg 3060 tcagcgaagg gttcttaagc aagccagaaa gcgccgtaca tagcttttgc catgcgctac 3120 cgcaacgttg gcatttaatg tctgtgatgc tgagtgcagc gtcgtgtctg gattgggccg 3180 cgaaattaac cggcctgagc aatgtcccag ctttaatcgc tgcagctcaa caggctgatg 3240 aaagtgccga gccagtttgg tttctgcctt atctttccgg cgagcgtacg ccacacaata 3300 atccccaggc gaagggggtt ttctttggtt tgactcatca acatggcccc aatgaactgg 3360 cgcgagcagt gctggaaggc gtgggttatg cgctggcaga tggcatggat gtcgtgcatg 3420 cctgcggtat taaaccgcaa agtgttacgt tgattggggg cggggcgcgt agtgagtact 3480 ggcgtcagat gctggcggat atcagcggtc agcagctcga ttaccgtacg gggggggatg 3540 tggggccagc actgggcgca gcaaggctgg cgcagatcgc ggcgaatcca gagaaatcgc 3600 tcattgaatt gttgccgcaa ctaccgttag aacagtcgca tctaccagat gcgcagcgtt 3660 atgccgctta tcagccacga cgagaaacgt tccgtcgcct ctatcagcaa cttctgccat 3720 taatggcgta aaagcttgag gagaaattaa ccatgaagca actcaccatt ctgggctcga 3780 ccggctcgat tggttgcagc acgctggacg tggtgcgcca taatcccgaa cacttccgcg 3840 tagttgcgct ggtggcaggc aaaaatgtca ctcgcatggt agaacagtgc ctggaattct 3900 ctccccgcta tgccgtaatg gacgatgaag cgagtgcgaa acttcttaaa acgatgctac 3960 agcaacaggg tagccgcacc gaagtcttaa gtgggcaaca agccgcttgc gatatggcag 4020 cgcttgagga tgttgatcag gtgatggcag ccattgttgg cgctgctggg ctgttaccta 4080 cgcttgctgc gatccgcgcg ggtaaaacca ttttgctggc caataaagaa tcactggtta 4140 cctgcggacg tctgtttatg gacgccgtaa agcagagcaa agcgcaattg ttaccggtcg 4200 atagcgaaca taacgccatt tttcagagtt taccgcaacc tatccagcat aatctgggat 4260 acgctgacct tgagcaaaat ggcgtggtgt ccattttact taccgggtct ggtggccctt 4320 tccgtgagac gccattgcgc gatttggcaa caatgacgcc ggatcaagcc tgccgtcatc 4380 cgaactggtc gatggggcgt aaaatttctg tcgattcggc taccatgatg aacaaaggtc 4440 tggaatacat tgaagcgcgt tggctgttta acgccagcgc cagccagatg gaagtgctga 4500 ttcacccgca gtcagtgatt cactcaatgg tgcgctatca ggacggcagt gttctggcgc 4560 agctggggga accggatatg cgtacgccaa ttgcccacac catggcatgg ccgaatcgcg 4620 tgaactctgg cgtgaagccg ctcgattttt gcaaactaag tgcgttgaca tttgccgcac 4680 cggattatga tcgttatcca tgcctgaaac tggcgatgga ggcgttcgaa caaggccagg 4740 cagcgacgac agcattgaat gccgcaaacg aaatcaccgt tgctgctttt cttgcgcaac 4800 aaatccgctt tacggatatc gctgcgttga atttatccgt actggaaaaa atggatatgc 4860 gcgaaccaca atgtgtggac gatgtgttat ctgttgatgc gaacgcgcgt gaagtcgcca 4920 gaaaagaggt gatgcgtctc gcaagctgag tcgacctcga gggggggccc ggtacccaat 4980 tcgccctata gtgagtcgta ttacgcgcgc tcactggccg tcgttttaca acgtcgtgac 5040 tgggaaaacc ctggcgttac ccaacttaat cgccttgcag cacatccccc tttcgccagc 5100 tggcgtaata gcgaagaggc ccgcaccgat cgcccttccc aacagttgcg cagcctgaat 5160 ggcgaatgga aattgtaagc gttaatattt tgttaaaatt cgcgttaaat ttttgttaaa 5220 tcagctcatt ttttaaccaa taggccgaaa tcggcaaaat cccttataaa tcaaaagaat 5280 agaccgagat agggttgagt gttgttccag tttggaacaa gagtccacta ttaaagaacg 5340 tggactccaa cgtcaaaggg cgaaaaaccg tctatcaggg cgatggccca ctacgtgaac 5400 catcacccta atcaagtttt ttggggtcga ggtgccgtaa agcactaaat cggaacccta 5460 aagggagccc ccgatttaga gcttgacggg gaaagccggc gaacgtggcg agaaaggaag 5520 ggaagaaagc gaaaggagcg ggcgctaggg cgctggcaag tgtagcggtc acgctgcgcg 5580 taaccaccac acccgccgcg cttaatgcgc cgctacaggg cgcgtcag 5628 42 6354 DNA Artificial Sequence pBSxylBdxrispD 42 gtggcacttt tcggggaaat gtgcgcggaa cccctatttg tttatttttc taaatacatt 60 caaatatgta tccgctcatg agacaataac cctgataaat gcttcaataa tattgaaaaa 120 ggaagagtat gagtattcaa catttccgtg tcgcccttat tccctttttt gcggcatttt 180 gccttcctgt ttttgctcac ccagaaacgc tggtgaaagt aaaagatgct gaagatcagt 240 tgggtgcacg agtgggttac atcgaactgg atctcaacag cggtaagatc cttgagagtt 300 ttcgccccga agaacgtttt ccaatgatga gcacttttaa agttctgcta tgtggcgcgg 360 tattatcccg tattgacgcc gggcaagagc aactcggtcg ccgcatacac tattctcaga 420 atgacttggt tgagtactca ccagtcacag aaaagcatct tacggatggc atgacagtaa 480 gagaattatg cagtgctgcc ataaccatga gtgataacac tgcggccaac ttacttctga 540 caacgatcgg aggaccgaag gagctaaccg cttttttgca caacatgggg gatcatgtaa 600 ctcgccttga tcgttgggaa ccggagctga atgaagccat accaaacgac gagcgtgaca 660 ccacgatgcc tgtagcaatg gcaacaacgt tgcgcaaact attaactggc gaactactta 720 ctctagcttc ccggcaacaa ttaatagact ggatggaggc ggataaagtt gcaggaccac 780 ttctgcgctc ggcccttccg gctggctggt ttattgctga taaatctgga gccggtgagc 840 gtgggtctcg cggtatcatt gcagcactgg ggccagatgg taagccctcc cgtatcgtag 900 ttatctacac gacggggagt caggcaacta tggatgaacg aaatagacag atcgctgaga 960 taggtgcctc actgattaag cattggtaac tgtcagacca agtttactca tatatacttt 1020 agattgattt aaaacttcat ttttaattta aaaggatcta ggtgaagatc ctttttgata 1080 atctcatgac caaaatccct taacgtgagt tttcgttcca ctgagcgtca gaccccgtag 1140 aaaagatcaa aggatcttct tgagatcctt tttttctgcg cgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaa 1200 caaaaaaacc accgctacca gcggtggttt gtttgccgga tcaagagcta ccaactcttt 1260 ttccgaaggt aactggcttc agcagagcgc agataccaaa tactgtcctt ctagtgtagc 1320 cgtagttagg ccaccacttc aagaactctg tagcaccgcc tacatacctc gctctgctaa 1380 tcctgttacc agtggctgct gccagtggcg ataagtcgtg tcttaccggg ttggactcaa 1440 gacgatagtt accggataag gcgcagcggt cgggctgaac ggggggttcg tgcacacagc 1500 ccagcttgga gcgaacgacc tacaccgaac tgagatacct acagcgtgag ctatgagaaa 1560 gcgccacgct tcccgaaggg agaaaggcgg acaggtatcc ggtaagcggc agggtcggaa 1620 caggagagcg cacgagggag cttccagggg gaaacgcctg gtatctttat agtcctgtcg 1680 ggtttcgcca cctctgactt gagcgtcgat ttttgtgatg ctcgtcaggg gggcggagcc 1740 tatggaaaaa cgccagcaac gcggcctttt tacggttcct ggccttttgc tggccttttg 1800 ctcacatgtt ctttcctgcg ttatcccctg attctgtgga taaccgtatt accgcctttg 1860 agtgagctga taccgctcgc cgcagccgaa cgaccgagcg cagcgagtca gtgagcgagg 1920 aagcggaaga gcgcccaata cgcaaaccgc ctctccccgc gcgttggccg attcattaat 1980 gcagctggca cgacaggttt cccgactgga aagcgggcag tgagcgcaac gcaattaatg 2040 tgagttagct cactcattag gcaccccagg ctttacactt tatgcttccg gctcgtatgt 2100 tgtgtggaat tgtgagcgga taacaatttc acacaggaaa cagctatgac catgattacg 2160 ccaagcgcgc aattaaccct cactaaaggg aacaaaagct ggagctccac cgcggtggcg 2220 gccgctctag aactagtgga tcccccgggc tgcaggaatt cgaggagaaa ttaaccatgt 2280 atatcgggat agatcttggc acctcgggcg taaaagttat tttgctcaac gagcagggtg 2340 aggtggttgc tgcgcaaacg gaaaagctga ccgtttcgcg cccgcatcca ctctggtcgg 2400 aacaagaccc ggaacagtgg tggcaggcaa ctgatcgcgc aatgaaagct ctgggcgatc 2460 agcattctct gcaggacgtt aaagcattgg gtattgccgg ccagatgcac ggagcaacct 2520 tgctggatgc tcagcaacgg gtgttacgcc ctgccatttt gtggaacgac gggcgctgtg 2580 cgcaagagtg cactttgctg gaagcgcgag ttccgcaatc gcgggtgatt accggcaacc 2640 tgatgatgcc cggatttact gcgcctaaat tgctatgggt tcagcggcat gagccggaga 2700 tattccgtca aatcgacaaa gtattattac cgaaagatta cttgcgtctg cgtatgacgg 2760 gggagtttgc cagcgatatg tctgacgcag ctggcaccat gtggctggat gtcgcaaagc 2820 gtgactggag tgacgtcatg ctgcaggctt gcgacttatc tcgtgaccag atgcccgcat 2880 tatacgaagg cagcgaaatt actggtgctt tgttacctga agttgcgaaa gcgtggggta 2940 tggcgacggt gccagttgtc gcaggcggtg gcgacaatgc agctggtgca gttggtgtgg 3000 gaatggttga tgctaatcag gcaatgttat cgctggggac gtcgggggtc tattttgctg 3060 tcagcgaagg gttcttaagc aagccagaaa gcgccgtaca tagcttttgc catgcgctac 3120 cgcaacgttg gcatttaatg tctgtgatgc tgagtgcagc gtcgtgtctg gattgggccg 3180 cgaaattaac cggcctgagc aatgtcccag ctttaatcgc tgcagctcaa caggctgatg 3240 aaagtgccga gccagtttgg tttctgcctt atctttccgg cgagcgtacg ccacacaata 3300 atccccaggc gaagggggtt ttctttggtt tgactcatca acatggcccc aatgaactgg 3360 cgcgagcagt gctggaaggc gtgggttatg cgctggcaga tggcatggat gtcgtgcatg 3420 cctgcggtat taaaccgcaa agtgttacgt tgattggggg cggggcgcgt agtgagtact 3480 ggcgtcagat gctggcggat atcagcggtc agcagctcga ttaccgtacg gggggggatg 3540 tggggccagc actgggcgca gcaaggctgg cgcagatcgc ggcgaatcca gagaaatcgc 3600 tcattgaatt gttgccgcaa ctaccgttag aacagtcgca tctaccagat gcgcagcgtt 3660 atgccgctta tcagccacga cgagaaacgt tccgtcgcct ctatcagcaa cttctgccat 3720 taatggcgta aaagcttgag gagaaattaa ccatgaagca actcaccatt ctgggctcga 3780 ccggctcgat tggttgcagc acgctggacg tggtgcgcca taatcccgaa cacttccgcg 3840 tagttgcgct ggtggcaggc aaaaatgtca ctcgcatggt agaacagtgc ctggaattct 3900 ctccccgcta tgccgtaatg gacgatgaag cgagtgcgaa acttcttaaa acgatgctac 3960 agcaacaggg tagccgcacc gaagtcttaa gtgggcaaca agccgcttgc gatatggcag 4020 cgcttgagga tgttgatcag gtgatggcag ccattgttgg cgctgctggg ctgttaccta 4080 cgcttgctgc gatccgcgcg ggtaaaacca ttttgctggc caataaagaa tcactggtta 4140 cctgcggacg tctgtttatg gacgccgtaa agcagagcaa agcgcaattg ttaccggtcg 4200 atagcgaaca taacgccatt tttcagagtt taccgcaacc tatccagcat aatctgggat 4260 acgctgacct tgagcaaaat ggcgtggtgt ccattttact taccgggtct ggtggccctt 4320 tccgtgagac gccattgcgc gatttggcaa caatgacgcc ggatcaagcc tgccgtcatc 4380 cgaactggtc gatggggcgt aaaatttctg tcgattcggc taccatgatg aacaaaggtc 4440 tggaatacat tgaagcgcgt tggctgttta acgccagcgc cagccagatg gaagtgctga 4500 ttcacccgca gtcagtgatt cactcaatgg tgcgctatca ggacggcagt gttctggcgc 4560 agctggggga accggatatg cgtacgccaa ttgcccacac catggcatgg ccgaatcgcg 4620 tgaactctgg cgtgaagccg ctcgattttt gcaaactaag tgcgttgaca tttgccgcac 4680 cggattatga tcgttatcca tgcctgaaac tggcgatgga ggcgttcgaa caaggccagg 4740 cagcgacgac agcattgaat gccgcaaacg aaatcaccgt tgctgctttt cttgcgcaac 4800 aaatccgctt tacggatatc gctgcgttga atttatccgt actggaaaaa atggatatgc 4860 gcgaaccaca atgtgtggac gatgtgttat ctgttgatgc gaacgcgcgt gaagtcgcca 4920 gaaaagaggt gatgcgtctc gcaagctgag tcgacgagga gaaattaacc atggcaacca 4980 ctcatttgga tgtttgcgcc gtggttccgg cggccggatt tggccgtcga atgcaaacgg 5040 aatgtcctaa gcaatatctc tcaatcggta atcaaaccat tcttgaacac tcggtgcatg 5100 cgctgctggc gcatccccgg gtgaaacgtg tcgtcattgc cataagtcct ggcgatagcc 5160 gttttgcaca acttcctctg gcgaatcatc cgcaaatcac cgttgtagat ggcggtgatg 5220 agcgtgccga ttccgtgctg gcaggtctga aagccgctgg cgacgcgcag tgggtattgg 5280 tgcatgacgc cgctcgtcct tgtttgcatc aggatgacct cgcgcgattg ttggcgttga 5340 gcgaaaccag ccgcacgggg gggatcctcg ccgcaccagt gcgcgatact atgaaacgtg 5400 ccgaaccggg caaaaatgcc attgctcata ccgttgatcg caacggctta tggcacgcgc 5460 tgacgccgca atttttccct cgtgagctgt tacatgactg tctgacgcgc gctctaaatg 5520 aaggcgcgac tattaccgac gaagcctcgg cgctggaata ttgcggattc catcctcagt 5580 tggtcgaagg ccgtgcggat aacattaaag tcacgcgccc ggaagatttg gcactggccg 5640 agttttacct cacccgaacc atccatcagg agaatacata actcgagggg gggcccggta 5700 cccaattcgc cctatagtga gtcgtattac gcgcgctcac tggccgtcgt tttacaacgt 5760 cgtgactggg aaaaccctgg cgttacccaa cttaatcgcc ttgcagcaca tccccctttc 5820 gccagctggc gtaatagcga agaggcccgc accgatcgcc cttcccaaca gttgcgcagc 5880 ctgaatggcg aatggaaatt gtaagcgtta atattttgtt aaaattcgcg ttaaattttt 5940 gttaaatcag ctcatttttt aaccaatagg ccgaaatcgg caaaatccct tataaatcaa 6000 aagaatagac cgagataggg ttgagtgttg ttccagtttg gaacaagagt ccactattaa 6060 agaacgtgga ctccaacgtc aaagggcgaa aaaccgtcta tcagggcgat ggcccactac 6120 gtgaaccatc accctaatca agttttttgg ggtcgaggtg ccgtaaagca ctaaatcgga 6180 accctaaagg gagcccccga tttagagctt gacggggaaa gccggcgaac gtggcgagaa 6240 aggaagggaa gaaagcgaaa ggagcgggcg ctagggcgct ggcaagtgta gcggtcacgc 6300 tgcgcgtaac caccacaccc gccgcgctta atgcgccgct acagggcgcg tcag 6354 43 7691 DNA Artificial Sequence pBScyclo 43 gtggcacttt tcggggaaat gtgcgcggaa cccctatttg tttatttttc taaatacatt 60 caaatatgta tccgctcatg agacaataac cctgataaat gcttcaataa tattgaaaaa 120 ggaagagtat gagtattcaa catttccgtg tcgcccttat tccctttttt gcggcatttt 180 gccttcctgt ttttgctcac ccagaaacgc tggtgaaagt aaaagatgct gaagatcagt 240 tgggtgcacg agtgggttac atcgaactgg atctcaacag cggtaagatc cttgagagtt 300 ttcgccccga agaacgtttt ccaatgatga gcacttttaa agttctgcta tgtggcgcgg 360 tattatcccg tattgacgcc gggcaagagc aactcggtcg ccgcatacac tattctcaga 420 atgacttggt tgagtactca ccagtcacag aaaagcatct tacggatggc atgacagtaa 480 gagaattatg cagtgctgcc ataaccatga gtgataacac tgcggccaac ttacttctga 540 caacgatcgg aggaccgaag gagctaaccg cttttttgca caacatgggg gatcatgtaa 600 ctcgccttga tcgttgggaa ccggagctga atgaagccat accaaacgac gagcgtgaca 660 ccacgatgcc tgtagcaatg gcaacaacgt tgcgcaaact attaactggc gaactactta 720 ctctagcttc ccggcaacaa ttaatagact ggatggaggc ggataaagtt gcaggaccac 780 ttctgcgctc ggcccttccg gctggctggt ttattgctga taaatctgga gccggtgagc 840 gtgggtctcg cggtatcatt gcagcactgg ggccagatgg taagccctcc cgtatcgtag 900 ttatctacac gacggggagt caggcaacta tggatgaacg aaatagacag atcgctgaga 960 taggtgcctc actgattaag cattggtaac tgtcagacca agtttactca tatatacttt 1020 agattgattt aaaacttcat ttttaattta aaaggatcta ggtgaagatc ctttttgata 1080 atctcatgac caaaatccct taacgtgagt tttcgttcca ctgagcgtca gaccccgtag 1140 aaaagatcaa aggatcttct tgagatcctt tttttctgcg cgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaa 1200 caaaaaaacc accgctacca gcggtggttt gtttgccgga tcaagagcta ccaactcttt 1260 ttccgaaggt aactggcttc agcagagcgc agataccaaa tactgtcctt ctagtgtagc 1320 cgtagttagg ccaccacttc aagaactctg tagcaccgcc tacatacctc gctctgctaa 1380 tcctgttacc agtggctgct gccagtggcg ataagtcgtg tcttaccggg ttggactcaa 1440 gacgatagtt accggataag gcgcagcggt cgggctgaac ggggggttcg tgcacacagc 1500 ccagcttgga gcgaacgacc tacaccgaac tgagatacct acagcgtgag ctatgagaaa 1560 gcgccacgct tcccgaaggg agaaaggcgg acaggtatcc ggtaagcggc agggtcggaa 1620 caggagagcg cacgagggag cttccagggg gaaacgcctg gtatctttat agtcctgtcg 1680 ggtttcgcca cctctgactt gagcgtcgat ttttgtgatg ctcgtcaggg gggcggagcc 1740 tatggaaaaa cgccagcaac gcggcctttt tacggttcct ggccttttgc tggccttttg 1800 ctcacatgtt ctttcctgcg ttatcccctg attctgtgga taaccgtatt accgcctttg 1860 agtgagctga taccgctcgc cgcagccgaa cgaccgagcg cagcgagtca gtgagcgagg 1920 aagcggaaga gcgcccaata cgcaaaccgc ctctccccgc gcgttggccg attcattaat 1980 gcagctggca cgacaggttt cccgactgga aagcgggcag tgagcgcaac gcaattaatg 2040 tgagttagct cactcattag gcaccccagg ctttacactt tatgcttccg gctcgtatgt 2100 tgtgtggaat tgtgagcgga taacaatttc acacaggaaa cagctatgac catgattacg 2160 ccaagcgcgc aattaaccct cactaaaggg aacaaaagct ggagctccac cgcggtggcg 2220 gccgctctag aactagtgga tcccccgggc tgcaggaatt cgaggagaaa ttaaccatgt 2280 atatcgggat agatcttggc acctcgggcg taaaagttat tttgctcaac gagcagggtg 2340 aggtggttgc tgcgcaaacg gaaaagctga ccgtttcgcg cccgcatcca ctctggtcgg 2400 aacaagaccc ggaacagtgg tggcaggcaa ctgatcgcgc aatgaaagct ctgggcgatc 2460 agcattctct gcaggacgtt aaagcattgg gtattgccgg ccagatgcac ggagcaacct 2520 tgctggatgc tcagcaacgg gtgttacgcc ctgccatttt gtggaacgac gggcgctgtg 2580 cgcaagagtg cactttgctg gaagcgcgag ttccgcaatc gcgggtgatt accggcaacc 2640 tgatgatgcc cggatttact gcgcctaaat tgctatgggt tcagcggcat gagccggaga 2700 tattccgtca aatcgacaaa gtattattac cgaaagatta cttgcgtctg cgtatgacgg 2760 gggagtttgc cagcgatatg tctgacgcag ctggcaccat gtggctggat gtcgcaaagc 2820 gtgactggag tgacgtcatg ctgcaggctt gcgacttatc tcgtgaccag atgcccgcat 2880 tatacgaagg cagcgaaatt actggtgctt tgttacctga agttgcgaaa gcgtggggta 2940 tggcgacggt gccagttgtc gcaggcggtg gcgacaatgc agctggtgca gttggtgtgg 3000 gaatggttga tgctaatcag gcaatgttat cgctggggac gtcgggggtc tattttgctg 3060 tcagcgaagg gttcttaagc aagccagaaa gcgccgtaca tagcttttgc catgcgctac 3120 cgcaacgttg gcatttaatg tctgtgatgc tgagtgcagc gtcgtgtctg gattgggccg 3180 cgaaattaac cggcctgagc aatgtcccag ctttaatcgc tgcagctcaa caggctgatg 3240 aaagtgccga gccagtttgg tttctgcctt atctttccgg cgagcgtacg ccacacaata 3300 atccccaggc gaagggggtt ttctttggtt tgactcatca acatggcccc aatgaactgg 3360 cgcgagcagt gctggaaggc gtgggttatg cgctggcaga tggcatggat gtcgtgcatg 3420 cctgcggtat taaaccgcaa agtgttacgt tgattggggg cggggcgcgt agtgagtact 3480 ggcgtcagat gctggcggat atcagcggtc agcagctcga ttaccgtacg gggggggatg 3540 tggggccagc actgggcgca gcaaggctgg cgcagatcgc ggcgaatcca gagaaatcgc 3600 tcattgaatt gttgccgcaa ctaccgttag aacagtcgca tctaccagat gcgcagcgtt 3660 atgccgctta tcagccacga cgagaaacgt tccgtcgcct ctatcagcaa cttctgccat 3720 taatggcgta aaagcttgag gagaaattaa ccatgaagca actcaccatt ctgggctcga 3780 ccggctcgat tggttgcagc acgctggacg tggtgcgcca taatcccgaa cacttccgcg 3840 tagttgcgct ggtggcaggc aaaaatgtca ctcgcatggt agaacagtgc ctggaattct 3900 ctccccgcta tgccgtaatg gacgatgaag cgagtgcgaa acttcttaaa acgatgctac 3960 agcaacaggg tagccgcacc gaagtcttaa gtgggcaaca agccgcttgc gatatggcag 4020 cgcttgagga tgttgatcag gtgatggcag ccattgttgg cgctgctggg ctgttaccta 4080 cgcttgctgc gatccgcgcg ggtaaaacca ttttgctggc caataaagaa tcactggtta 4140 cctgcggacg tctgtttatg gacgccgtaa agcagagcaa agcgcaattg ttaccggtcg 4200 atagcgaaca taacgccatt tttcagagtt taccgcaacc tatccagcat aatctgggat 4260 acgctgacct tgagcaaaat ggcgtggtgt ccattttact taccgggtct ggtggccctt 4320 tccgtgagac gccattgcgc gatttggcaa caatgacgcc ggatcaagcc tgccgtcatc 4380 cgaactggtc gatggggcgt aaaatttctg tcgattcggc taccatgatg aacaaaggtc 4440 tggaatacat tgaagcgcgt tggctgttta acgccagcgc cagccagatg gaagtgctga 4500 ttcacccgca gtcagtgatt cactcaatgg tgcgctatca ggacggcagt gttctggcgc 4560 agctggggga accggatatg cgtacgccaa ttgcccacac catggcatgg ccgaatcgcg 4620 tgaactctgg cgtgaagccg ctcgattttt gcaaactaag tgcgttgaca tttgccgcac 4680 cggattatga tcgttatcca tgcctgaaac tggcgatgga ggcgttcgaa caaggccagg 4740 cagcgacgac agcattgaat gccgcaaacg aaatcaccgt tgctgctttt cttgcgcaac 4800 aaatccgctt tacggatatc gctgcgttga atttatccgt actggaaaaa atggatatgc 4860 gcgaaccaca atgtgtggac gatgtgttat ctgttgatgc gaacgcgcgt gaagtcgcca 4920 gaaaagaggt gatgcgtctc gcaagctgag tcgacgagga gaaattaacc atggcaacca 4980 ctcatttgga tgtttgcgcc gtggttccgg cggccggatt tggccgtcga atgcaaacgg 5040 aatgtcctaa gcaatatctc tcaatcggta atcaaaccat tcttgaacac tcggtgcatg 5100 cgctgctggc gcatccccgg gtgaaacgtg tcgtcattgc cataagtcct ggcgatagcc 5160 gttttgcaca acttcctctg gcgaatcatc cgcaaatcac cgttgtagat ggcggtgatg 5220 agcgtgccga ttccgtgctg gcaggtctga aagccgctgg cgacgcgcag tgggtattgg 5280 tgcatgacgc cgctcgtcct tgtttgcatc aggatgacct cgcgcgattg ttggcgttga 5340 gcgaaaccag ccgcacgggg gggatcctcg ccgcaccagt gcgcgatact atgaaacgtg 5400 ccgaaccggg caaaaatgcc attgctcata ccgttgatcg caacggctta tggcacgcgc 5460 tgacgccgca atttttccct cgtgagctgt tacatgactg tctgacgcgc gctctaaatg 5520 aaggcgcgac tattaccgac gaagcctcgg cgctggaata ttgcggattc catcctcagt 5580 tggtcgaagg ccgtgcggat aacattaaag tcacgcgccc ggaagatttg gcactggccg 5640 agttttacct cacccgaacc atccatcagg agaatacata atgcgaattg gacacggttt 5700 tgacgtacat gcctttggcg gtgaaggccc aattatcatt ggtggcgtac gcattcctta 5760 cgaaaaagga ttgctggcgc attctgatgg cgacgtggcg ctccatgcgt tgaccgatgc 5820 attgcttggc gcggcggcgc tgggggatat cggcaagctg ttcccggata ccgatccggc 5880 atttaaaggt gccgatagcc gcgagctgct acgcgaagcc tggcgtcgta ttcaggcgaa 5940 gggttatacc cttggcaacg tcgatgtcac tatcatcgct caggcaccga agatgttgcc 6000 gcacattcca caaatgcgcg tgtttattgc cgaagatctc ggctgccata tggatgatgt 6060 taacgtgaaa gccactacta cggaaaaact gggatttacc ggacgtgggg aagggattgc 6120 ctgtgaagcg gtggcgctac tcattaaggc aacaaaatga ctcgaggagg agaaattaac 6180 catgcggaca cagtggccct ctccggcaaa acttaatctg tttttataca ttaccggtca 6240 gcgtgcggat ggttaccaca cgctgcaaac gctgtttcag tttcttgatt acggcgacac 6300 catcagcatt gagcttcgtg acgatgggga tattcgtctg ttaacgcccg ttgaaggcgt 6360 ggaacatgaa gataacctga tcgttcgcgc agcgcgattg ttgatgaaaa ctgcggcaga 6420 cagcgggcgt cttccgacgg gaagcggtgc gaatatcagc attgacaagc gtttgccgat 6480 gggcggcggt ctcggcggtg gttcatccaa tgccgcgacg gtcctggtgg cattaaatca 6540 tctctggcaa tgcgggctaa gcatggatga gctggcggaa atggggctga cgctgggcgc 6600 agatgttcct gtctttgttc gggggcatgc cgcgtttgcc gaaggcgttg gtgaaatact 6660 aacgccggtg gatccgccag agaagtggta tctggtggcg caccctggtg taagtattcc 6720 gactccggtg atttttaaag atcctgaact cccgcgcaat acgccaaaaa ggtcaataga 6780 aacgttgcta aaatgtgaat tcagcaatga ttgcgaggtt atcgcaagaa aacgttttcg 6840 cgaggttgat gcggtgcttt cctggctgtt agaatacgcc ccgtcgcgcc tgactgggac 6900 aggggcctgt gtctttgctg aatttgatac agagtctgaa gcccgccagg tgctagagca 6960 agccccggaa tggctcaatg gctttgtggc gaaaggcgct aatctttccc cattgcacag 7020 agccatgctt taaggtaccc aattcgccct atagtgagtc gtattacgcg cgctcactgg 7080 ccgtcgtttt acaacgtcgt gactgggaaa accctggcgt tacccaactt aatcgccttg 7140 cagcacatcc ccctttcgcc agctggcgta atagcgaaga ggcccgcacc gatcgccctt 7200 cccaacagtt gcgcagcctg aatggcgaat ggaaattgta agcgttaata ttttgttaaa 7260 attcgcgtta aatttttgtt aaatcagctc attttttaac caataggccg aaatcggcaa 7320 aatcccttat aaatcaaaag aatagaccga gatagggttg agtgttgttc cagtttggaa 7380 caagagtcca ctattaaaga acgtggactc caacgtcaaa gggcgaaaaa ccgtctatca 7440 gggcgatggc ccactacgtg aaccatcacc ctaatcaagt tttttggggt cgaggtgccg 7500 taaagcacta aatcggaacc ctaaagggag cccccgattt agagcttgac ggggaaagcc 7560 ggcgaacgtg gcgagaaagg aagggaagaa agcgaaagga gcgggcgcta gggcgctggc 7620 aagtgtagcg gtcacgctgc gcgtaaccac cacacccgcc gcgcttaatg cgccgctaca 7680 gggcgcgtca g 7691 44 5109 DNA Artificial Sequence pACYCgcpE 44 gaattccgga tgagcattca tcaggcgggc aagaatgtga ataaaggccg gataaaactt 60 gtgcttattt ttctttacgg tctttaaaaa ggccgtaata tccagctgaa cggtctggtt 120 ataggtacat tgagcaactg actgaaatgc ctcaaaatgt tctttacgat gccattggga 180 tatatcaacg gtggtatatc cagtgatttt tttctccatt ttagcttcct tagctcctga 240 aaatctcgat aactcaaaaa atacgcccgg tagtgatctt atttcattat ggtgaaagtt 300 ggaacctctt acgtgccgat caacgtctca ttttcgccaa aagttggccc agggcttccc 360 ggtatcaaca gggacaccag gatttattta ttctgcgaag tgatcttccg tcacaggtat 420 ttattcggcg caaagtgcgt cgggtgatgc tgccaactta ctgatttagt gtatgatggt 480 gtttttgagg tgctccagtg gcttctgttt ctatcagctg tccctcctgt tcagctactg 540 acggggtggt gcgtaacggc aaaagcaccg ccggacatca gcgctagcgg agtgtatact 600 ggcttactat gttggcactg atgagggtgt cagtgaagtg cttcatgtgg caggagaaaa 660 aaggctgcac cggtgcgtca gcagaatatg tgatacagga tatattccgc ttcctcgctc 720 actgactcgc tacgctcggt cgttcgactg cggcgagcgg aaatggctta cgaacggggc 780 ggagatttcc tggaagatgc caggaagata cttaacaggg aagtgagagg gccgcggcaa 840 agccgttttt ccataggctc cgcccccctg acaagcatca cgaaatctga cgctcaaatc 900 agtggtggcg aaacccgaca ggactataaa gataccaggc gtttccccct ggcggctccc 960 tcgtgcgctc tcctgttcct gcctttcggt ttaccggtgt cattccgctg ttatggccgc 1020 gtttgtctca ttccacgcct gacactcagt tccgggtagg cagttcgctc caagctggac 1080 tgtatgcacg aaccccccgt tcagtccgac cgctgcgcct tatccggtaa ctatcgtctt 1140 gagtccaacc cggaaagaca tgcaaaagca ccactggcag cagccactgg taattgattt 1200 agaggagtta gtcttgaagt catgcgccgg ttaaggctaa actgaaagga caagttttgg 1260 tgactgcgct cctccaagcc agttacctcg gttcaaagag ttggtagctc agagaacctt 1320 cgaaaaaccg ccctgcaagg cggttttttc gttttcagag caagagatta cgcgcagacc 1380 aaaacgatct caagaagatc atcttattaa tcagataaaa tatttctaga tttcagtgca 1440 atttatctct tcaaatgtag cacctgaagt cagccccata cgatataagt tgtaattctc 1500 atgtttgaca gcttatcatc gataagcttt aatgcggtag tttatcacag ttaaattgct 1560 aacgcagtca ggcaccgtgt atgaaatcta acaatgcgct catcgtcatc ctcggcaccg 1620 tcaccctgga tgctgtaggc ataggcttgg ttatgccggt actgccgggc ctcttgcggg 1680 atatcgtcca ttccgacagc atcgccagtc actatggcgt gctgctagcg ctatatgcgt 1740 tgatgcaatt tctatgcgca cccgttctcg gagcactgtc cgaccgcttt ggccgccgcc 1800 cagtcctgct cgcttcgcta cttggagcca ctatcgacta cgcgatcatg gcgaccacac 1860 ccgtcctgtg gatccgagga gaaattaacc atgcataacc aggctccaat tcaacgtaga 1920 aaatcaacac gtatttacgt tgggaatgtg ccgattggcg atggtgctcc catcgccgta 1980 cagtccatga ccaatacgcg tacgacagac gtcgaagcaa cggtcaatca aatcaaggcg 2040 ctggaacgcg ttggcgctga tatcgtccgt gtatccgtac cgacgatgga cgcggcagaa 2100 gcgttcaaac tcatcaaaca gcaggttaac gtgccgctgg tggctgacat ccacttcgac 2160 tatcgcattg cgctgaaagt agcggaatac ggcgtcgatt gtctgcgtat taaccctggc 2220 aatatcggta atgaagagcg tattcgcatg gtggttgact gtgcgcgcga taaaaacatt 2280 ccgatccgta ttggcgttaa cgccggatcg ctggaaaaag atctgcaaga aaagtatggc 2340 gaaccgacgc cgcaggcgtt gctggaatct gccatgcgtc atgttgatca tctcgatcgc 2400 ctgaacttcg atcagttcaa agtcagcgtg aaagcgtctg acgtcttcct cgctgttgag 2460 tcttatcgtt tgctggcaaa acagatcgat cagccgttgc atctggggat caccgaagcc 2520 ggtggtgcgc gcagcggggc agtaaaatcc gccattggtt taggtctgct gctgtctgaa 2580 ggcatcggcg acacgctgcg cgtatcgctg gcggccgatc cggtcgaaga gatcaaagtc 2640 ggtttcgata ttttgaaatc gctgcgtatc cgttcgcgag ggatcaactt catcgcctgc 2700 ccgacctgtt cgcgtcagga atttgatgtt atcggtacgg ttaacgcgct ggagcaacgc 2760 ctggaagata tcatcactcc gatggacgtt tcgattatcg gctgcgtggt gaatggccca 2820 ggtgaggcgc tggtttctac actcggcgtc accggcggca acaagaaaag cggcctctat 2880 gaagatggcg tgcgcaaaga ccgtctggac aacaacgata tgatcgacca gctggaagca 2940 cgcattcgtg cgaaagccag tcagctggac gaagcgcgtc gaattgacgt tcagcaggtt 3000 gaaaaataag tcgaccgatg cccttgagag ccttcaaccc agtcagctcc ttccggtggg 3060 cgcggggcat gactatcgtc gccgcactta tgactgtctt ctttatcatg caactcgtag 3120 gacaggtgcc ggcagcgctc tgggtcattt tcggcgagga ccgctttcgc tggagcgcga 3180 cgatgatcgg cctgtcgctt gcggtattcg gaatcttgca cgccctcgct caagccttcg 3240 tcactggtcc cgccaccaaa cgtttcggcg agaagcaggc cattatcgcc ggcatggcgg 3300 ccgacgcgct gggctacgtc ttgctggcgt tcgcgacgcg aggctggatg gccttcccca 3360 ttatgattct tctcgcttcc ggcggcatcg ggatgcccgc gttgcaggcc atgctgtcca 3420 ggcaggtaga tgacgaccat cagggacagc ttcaaggatc gctcgcggct cttaccagcc 3480 taacttcgat cactggaccg ctgatcgtca cggcgattta tgccgcctcg gcgagcacat 3540 ggaacgggtt ggcatggatt gtaggcgccg ccctatacct tgtctgcctc cccgcgttgc 3600 gtcgcggtgc atggagccgg gccacctcga cctgaatgga agccggcggc acctcgctaa 3660 cggattcacc actccaagaa ttggagccaa tcaattcttg cggagaactg tgaatgcgca 3720 aaccaaccct tggcagaaca tatccatcgc gtccgccatc tccagcagcc gcacgcggcg 3780 catctcgggc agcgttgggt cctggccacg ggtgcgcatg atcgtgctcc tgtcgttgag 3840 gacccggcta ggctggcggg gttgccttac tggttagcag aatgaatcac cgatacgcga 3900 gcgaacgtga agcgactgct gctgcaaaac gtctgcgacc tgagcaacaa catgaatggt 3960 cttcggtttc cgtgtttcgt aaagtctgga aacgcggaag tcccctacgt gctgctgaag 4020 ttgcccgcaa cagagagtgg aaccaaccgg tgataccacg atactatgac tgagagtcaa 4080 cgccatgagc ggcctcattt cttattctga gttacaacag tccgcaccgc tgtccggtag 4140 ctccttccgg tgggcgcggg gcatgactat cgtcgccgca cttatgactg tcttctttat 4200 catgcaactc gtaggacagg tgccggcagc gcccaacagt cccccggcca cggggcctgc 4260 caccataccc acgccgaaac aagcgccctg caccattatg ttccggatct gcatcgcagg 4320 atgctgctgg ctaccctgtg gaacacctac atctgtatta acgaagcgct aaccgttttt 4380 atcaggctct gggaggcaga ataaatgatc atatcgtcaa ttattacctc cacggggaga 4440 gcctgagcaa actggcctca ggcatttgag aagcacacgg tcacactgct tccggtagtc 4500 aataaaccgg taaaccagca atagacataa gcggctattt aacgaccctg ccctgaaccg 4560 acgaccgggt cgaatttgct ttcgaatttc tgccattcat ccgcttatta tcacttattc 4620 aggcgtagca ccaggcgttt aagggcacca ataactgcct taaaaaaatt acgccccgcc 4680 ctgccactca tcgcagtact gttgtaattc attaagcatt ctgccgacat ggaagccatc 4740 acagacggca tgatgaacct gaatcgccag cggcatcagc accttgtcgc cttgcgtata 4800 atatttgccc atggtgaaaa cgggggcgaa gaagttgtcc atattggcca cgtttaaatc 4860 aaaactggtg aaactcaccc agggattggc tgagacgaaa aacatattct caataaaccc 4920 tttagggaaa taggccaggt tttcaccgta acacgccaca tcttgcgaat atatgtgtag 4980 aaactgccgg aaatcgtcgt ggtattcact ccagagcgat gaaaacgttt cagtttgctc 5040 atggaaaacg gtgtaacaag ggtgaacact atcccatatc accagctcac cgtctttcat 5100 tgccatacg 5109 45 7494 DNA Artificial Sequence pBScaro14 45 gtggcacttt tcggggaaat gtgcgcggaa cccctatttg tttatttttc taaatacatt 60 caaatatgta tccgctcatg agacaataac cctgataaat gcttcaataa tattgaaaaa 120 ggaagagtat gagtattcaa catttccgtg tcgcccttat tccctttttt gcggcatttt 180 gccttcctgt ttttgctcac ccagaaacgc tggtgaaagt aaaagatgct gaagatcagt 240 tgggtgcacg agtgggttac atcgaactgg atctcaacag cggtaagatc cttgagagtt 300 ttcgccccga agaacgtttt ccaatgatga gcacttttaa agttctgcta tgtggcgcgg 360 tattatcccg tattgacgcc gggcaagagc aactcggtcg ccgcatacac tattctcaga 420 atgacttggt tgagtactca ccagtcacag aaaagcatct tacggatggc atgacagtaa 480 gagaattatg cagtgctgcc ataaccatga gtgataacac tgcggccaac ttacttctga 540 caacgatcgg aggaccgaag gagctaaccg cttttttgca caacatgggg gatcatgtaa 600 ctcgccttga tcgttgggaa ccggagctga atgaagccat accaaacgac gagcgtgaca 660 ccacgatgcc tgtagcaatg gcaacaacgt tgcgcaaact attaactggc gaactactta 720 ctctagcttc ccggcaacaa ttaatagact ggatggaggc ggataaagtt gcaggaccac 780 ttctgcgctc ggcccttccg gctggctggt ttattgctga taaatctgga gccggtgagc 840 gtgggtctcg cggtatcatt gcagcactgg ggccagatgg taagccctcc cgtatcgtag 900 ttatctacac gacggggagt caggcaacta tggatgaacg aaatagacag atcgctgaga 960 taggtgcctc actgattaag cattggtaac tgtcagacca agtttactca tatatacttt 1020 agattgattt aaaacttcat ttttaattta aaaggatcta ggtgaagatc ctttttgata 1080 atctcatgac caaaatccct taacgtgagt tttcgttcca ctgagcgtca gaccccgtag 1140 aaaagatcaa aggatcttct tgagatcctt tttttctgcg cgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaa 1200 caaaaaaacc accgctacca gcggtggttt gtttgccgga tcaagagcta ccaactcttt 1260 ttccgaaggt aactggcttc agcagagcgc agataccaaa tactgtcctt ctagtgtagc 1320 cgtagttagg ccaccacttc aagaactctg tagcaccgcc tacatacctc gctctgctaa 1380 tcctgttacc agtggctgct gccagtggcg ataagtcgtg tcttaccggg ttggactcaa 1440 gacgatagtt accggataag gcgcagcggt cgggctgaac ggggggttcg tgcacacagc 1500 ccagcttgga gcgaacgacc tacaccgaac tgagatacct acagcgtgag ctatgagaaa 1560 gcgccacgct tcccgaaggg agaaaggcgg acaggtatcc ggtaagcggc agggtcggaa 1620 caggagagcg cacgagggag cttccagggg gaaacgcctg gtatctttat agtcctgtcg 1680 ggtttcgcca cctctgactt gagcgtcgat ttttgtgatg ctcgtcaggg gggcggagcc 1740 tatggaaaaa cgccagcaac gcggcctttt tacggttcct ggccttttgc tggccttttg 1800 ctcacatgtt ctttcctgcg ttatcccctg attctgtgga taaccgtatt accgcctttg 1860 agtgagctga taccgctcgc cgcagccgaa cgaccgagcg cagcgagtca gtgagcgagg 1920 aagcggaaga gcgcccaata cgcaaaccgc ctctccccgc gcgttggccg attcattaat 1980 gcagctggca cgacaggttt cccgactgga aagcgggcag tgagcgcaac gcaattaatg 2040 tgagttagct cactcattag gcaccccagg ctttacactt tatgcttccg gctcgtatgt 2100 tgtgtggaat tgtgagcgga taacaatttc acacaggaaa cagctatgac catgattacg 2160 ccaagcgcgc aattaaccct cactaaaggg aacaaaagct ggagctccac cgcggtggcg 2220 gccgctctag aactagtgga tcccccgggc tgcaggaatt gccgtaaatg tatccgttta 2280 taaggacagc ccgaatgacg gtctgcgcaa aaaaacacgt tcatctcact cgcgatgctg 2340 cggagcagtt actggctgat attgatcgac gccttgatca gttattgccc gtggagggag 2400 aacgggatgt tgtgggtgcc gcgatgcgtg aaggtgcgct ggcaccggga aaacgtattc 2460 gccccatgtt gctgttgctg accgcccgcg atctgggttg cgctgtcagc catgacggat 2520 tactggattt ggcctgtgcg gtggaaatgg tccacgcggc ttcgctgatc cttgacgata 2580 tgccctgcat ggacgatgcg aagctgcggc gcggacgccc taccattcat tctcattacg 2640 gagagcatgt ggcaatactg gcggcggttg ccttgctgag taaagccttt ggcgtaattg 2700 ccgatgcaga tggcctcacg ccgctggcaa aaaatcgggc ggtttctgaa ctgtcaaacg 2760 ccatcggcat gcaaggattg gttcagggtc agttcaagga tctgtctgaa ggggataagc 2820 cgcgcagcgc tgaagctatt ttgatgacga atcactttaa aaccagcacg ctgttttgtg 2880 cctccatgca gatggcctcg attgttgcga atgcctccag cgaagcgcgt gattgcctgc 2940 atcgtttttc acttgatctt ggtcaggcat ttcaactgct ggacgatttg accgatggca 3000 tgaccgacac cggtaaggat agcaatcagg acgccggtaa atcgacgctg gtcaatctgt 3060 taggcccgag ggcggttgaa gaacgtctga gacaacatct tcagcttgcc agtgagcatc 3120 tctctgcggc ctgccaacac gggcacgcca ctcaacattt tattcaggcc tggtttgaca 3180 aaaaactcgc tgccgtcagt taagcttatg tgcaccggtc agcctgtctt aagtgggagc 3240 ggctatgcaa ccgcattatg atctgattct cgtgggggct ggactcgcga atggccttat 3300 cgccctgcgt cttcagcagc agcaacctga tatgcgtatt ttgcttatcg acgccgcacc 3360 ccaggcgggc gggaatcata cgtggtcatt tcaccacgat gatttgactg agagccaaca 3420 tcgttggata gctccgctgg tggttcatca ctggcccgac tatcaggtac gctttcccac 3480 acgccgtcgt aagctgaaca gcggctactt ttgtattact tctcagcgtt tcgctgaggt 3540 tttacagcga cagtttggcc cgcacttgtg gatggatacc gcggtcgcag aggttaatgc 3600 ggaatctgtt cggttgaaaa agggtcaggt tatcggtgcc cgcgcggtga ttgacgggcg 3660 gggttatgcg gcaaattcag cactgagcgt gggcttccag gcgtttattg gccaggaatg 3720 gcgattgagc cacccgcatg gtttatcgtc tcccattatc atggatgcca cggtcgatca 3780 gcaaaatggt tatcgcttcg tgtacagcct gccgctctcg ccgaccagat tgttaattga 3840 agacacgcac tatattgata atgcgacatt agatcctgaa tgcgcgcggc aaaatatttg 3900 cgactatgcc gcgcaacagg gttggcagct tcagacactg ctgcgagaag aacagggcgc 3960 cttacccatt actctgtcgg gcaatgccga cgcattctgg cagcagcgcc ccctggcctg 4020 tagtggatta cgtgccggtc tgttccatcc taccaccggc tattcactgc cgctggcggt 4080 tgccgtggcc gaccgcctga gtgcacttga tgtctttacg tcggcctcaa ttcaccatgc 4140 cattacgcat tttgcccgcg agcgctggca gcagcagggc tttttccgca tgctgaatcg 4200 catgctgttt ttagccggac ccgccgattc acgctggcgg gttatgcagc gtttttatgg 4260 tttacctgaa gatttaattg cccgttttta tgcgggaaaa ctcacgctga ccgatcggct 4320 acgtattctg agcggcaagc cgcctgttcc ggtattagca gcattgcaag ccattatgac 4380 gactcatcgt taaagagcga ctacatgaaa ccaactacgg taattggtgc aggcttcggt 4440 ggcctggcac tggcaattcg tctacaagct gcggggatcc ccgtcttact gcttgaacaa 4500 cgtgataaac ccggcggtcg ggcttatgtc tacgaggatc aggggtttac ctttgatgca 4560 ggcccgacgg ttatcaccga tcccagtgcc attgaagaac tgtttgcact ggcaggaaaa 4620 cagttaaaag agtatgtcga actgctgccg gttacgccgt tttaccgcct gtgttgggag 4680 tcagggaagg tctttaatta cgataacgat caaacccggc tcgaagcgca gattcagcag 4740 tttaatcccc gcgatgtcga aggttatcgt cagtttctgg actattcacg cgcggtgttt 4800 aaagaaggct atctaaagct cggtactgtc ccttttttat cgttcagaga catgcttcgc 4860 gccgcacctc aactggcgaa actgcaggca tggagaagcg tttacagtaa ggttgccagt 4920 tacatcgaag atgaacatct gcgccaggcg ttttctttcc actcgctgtt ggtgggcggc 4980 aatcccttcg ccacctcatc catttatacg ttgatacacg cgctggagcg tgagtggggc 5040 gtctggtttc cgcgtggcgg caccggcgca ttagttcagg ggatgataaa gctgtttcag 5100 gatctgggtg gcgaagtcgt gttaaacgcc agagtcagcc atatggaaac gacaggaaac 5160 aagattgaag ccgtgcattt agaggacggt cgcaggttcc tgacgcaagc cgtcgcgtca 5220 aatgcagatg tggttcatac ctatcgcgac ctgttaagcc agcaccctgc cgcggttaag 5280 cagtccaaca aactgcagac taagcgcatg agtaactctc tgtttgtgct ctattttggt 5340 ttgaatcacc atcatgatca gctcgcgcat cacacggttt gtttcggccc gcgttaccgc 5400 gagctgattg acgaaatttt taatcatgat ggcctcgcag aggacttctc actttatctg 5460 cacgcgccct gtgtcacgga ttcgtcactg gcgcctgaag gttgcggcag ttactatgtg 5520 ttggcgccgg tgccgcattt aggcaccgcg aacctcgact ggacggttga ggggccaaaa 5580 ctacgcgacc gtatttttgc gtaccttgag cagcattaca tgcctggctt acggagtcag 5640 ctggtcacgc accggatgtt tacgccgttt gattttcgcg accagcttaa tgcctatcat 5700 ggctcagcct tttctgtgga gcccgttctt acccagagcg cctggtttcg gccgcataac 5760 cgcgataaaa ccattactaa tctctacctg gtcggcgcag gcacgcatcc cggcgcaggc 5820 attcctggcg tcatcggctc ggcaaaagcg acagcaggtt tgatgctgga ggatctgatt 5880 tgaataatcc gtcgttactc aatcatgcgg tcgaaacgat ggcagttggc tcgaaaagtt 5940 ttgcgacagc ctcaaagtta tttgatgcaa aaacccggcg cagcgtactg atgctctacg 6000 cctggtgccg ccattgtgac gatgttattg acgatcagac gctgggcttt caggcccggc 6060 agcctgcctt acaaacgccc gaacaacgtc tgatgcaact tgagatgaaa acgcgccagg 6120 cctatgcagg atcgcagatg cacgaaccgg cgtttgcggc ttttcaggaa gtggctatgg 6180 ctcatgatat cgccccggct tacgcgtttg atcatctgga aggcttcgcc atggatgtac 6240 gcgaagcgca atacagccaa ctggatgata cgctgcgcta ttgctatcac gttgcaggcg 6300 ttgtcggctt gatgatggcg caaatcatgg gcgtgcggga taacgccacg ctggaccgcg 6360 cctgtgacct tgggctggca tttcagttga ccaatattgc tcgcgatatt gtggacgatg 6420 cgcatgcggg ccgctgttat ctgccggcaa gctggctgga gcatgaaggt ctgaacaaag 6480 agaattatgc ggcacctgaa aaccgtcagg cgctgagccg tatcgcccgt cgtttggtgc 6540 aggaagcaga accttactat ttgtctgcca cagccggcct ggcagggttg cccctgcgtt 6600 ccgcctgggc aatcgctacg gcgaagcagg tttaccggaa aataggtgtc aaagttgaac 6660 aggccggtca gcaagcctgg gatcagcggc agtcaacgac cacgcccgaa aaattaacgc 6720 tgctgctggc cgcctctggt caggccctta cttcccggat gcgggctcat cctccccgcc 6780 ctgcgcatct ctggcagcgc ccgctctagc gccatgtcga cctcgagggg gggcccggta 6840 cccaattcgc cctatagtga gtcgtattac gcgcgctcac tggccgtcgt tttacaacgt 6900 cgtgactggg aaaaccctgg cgttacccaa cttaatcgcc ttgcagcaca tccccctttc 6960 gccagctggc gtaatagcga agaggcccgc accgatcgcc cttcccaaca gttgcgcagc 7020 ctgaatggcg aatggaaatt gtaagcgtta atattttgtt aaaattcgcg ttaaattttt 7080 gttaaatcag ctcatttttt aaccaatagg ccgaaatcgg caaaatccct tataaatcaa 7140 aagaatagac cgagataggg ttgagtgttg ttccagtttg gaacaagagt ccactattaa 7200 agaacgtgga ctccaacgtc aaagggcgaa aaaccgtcta tcagggcgat ggcccactac 7260 gtgaaccatc accctaatca agttttttgg ggtcgaggtg ccgtaaagca ctaaatcgga 7320 accctaaagg gagcccccga tttagagctt gacggggaaa gccggcgaac gtggcgagaa 7380 aggaagggaa gaaagcgaaa ggagcgggcg ctagggcgct ggcaagtgta gcggtcacgc 7440 tgcgcgtaac caccacaccc gccgcgctta atgcgccgct acagggcgcg tcag 7494 46 8547 DNA Artificial Sequence pACYCcaro14 46 gaattccgga tgagcattca tcaggcgggc aagaatgtga ataaaggccg gataaaactt 60 gtgcttattt ttctttacgg tctttaaaaa ggccgtaata tccagctgaa cggtctggtt 120 ataggtacat tgagcaactg actgaaatgc ctcaaaatgt tctttacgat gccattggga 180 tatatcaacg gtggtatatc cagtgatttt tttctccatt ttagcttcct tagctcctga 240 aaatctcgat aactcaaaaa atacgcccgg tagtgatctt atttcattat ggtgaaagtt 300 ggaacctctt acgtgccgat caacgtctca ttttcgccaa aagttggccc agggcttccc 360 ggtatcaaca gggacaccag gatttattta ttctgcgaag tgatcttccg tcacaggtat 420 ttattcggcg caaagtgcgt cgggtgatgc tgccaactta ctgatttagt gtatgatggt 480 gtttttgagg tgctccagtg gcttctgttt ctatcagctg tccctcctgt tcagctactg 540 acggggtggt gcgtaacggc aaaagcaccg ccggacatca gcgctagcgg agtgtatact 600 ggcttactat gttggcactg atgagggtgt cagtgaagtg cttcatgtgg caggagaaaa 660 aaggctgcac cggtgcgtca gcagaatatg tgatacagga tatattccgc ttcctcgctc 720 actgactcgc tacgctcggt cgttcgactg cggcgagcgg aaatggctta cgaacggggc 780 ggagatttcc tggaagatgc caggaagata cttaacaggg aagtgagagg gccgcggcaa 840 agccgttttt ccataggctc cgcccccctg acaagcatca cgaaatctga cgctcaaatc 900 agtggtggcg aaacccgaca ggactataaa gataccaggc gtttccccct ggcggctccc 960 tcgtgcgctc tcctgttcct gcctttcggt ttaccggtgt cattccgctg ttatggccgc 1020 gtttgtctca ttccacgcct gacactcagt tccgggtagg cagttcgctc caagctggac 1080 tgtatgcacg aaccccccgt tcagtccgac cgctgcgcct tatccggtaa ctatcgtctt 1140 gagtccaacc cggaaagaca tgcaaaagca ccactggcag cagccactgg taattgattt 1200 agaggagtta gtcttgaagt catgcgccgg ttaaggctaa actgaaagga caagttttgg 1260 tgactgcgct cctccaagcc agttacctcg gttcaaagag ttggtagctc agagaacctt 1320 cgaaaaaccg ccctgcaagg cggttttttc gttttcagag caagagatta cgcgcagacc 1380 aaaacgatct caagaagatc atcttattaa tcagataaaa tatttctaga tttcagtgca 1440 atttatctct tcaaatgtag cacctgaagt cagccccata cgatataagt tgtaattctc 1500 atgtttgaca gcttatcatc gataagcttt aatgcggtag tttatcacag ttaaattgct 1560 aacgcagtca ggcaccgtgt atgaaatcta acaatgcgct catcgtcatc ctcggcaccg 1620 tcaccctgga tgctgtaggc ataggcttgg ttatgccggt actgccgggc ctcttgcggg 1680 atatcgtcca ttccgacagc atcgccagtc actatggcgt gctgctagcg ctatatgcgt 1740 tgatgcaatt tctatgcgca cccgttctcg gagcactgtc cgaccgcttt ggccgccgcc 1800 cagtcctgct cgcttcgcta cttggagcca ctatcgacta cgcgatcatg gcgaccacac 1860 ccgtcctgtg gatcccccgg gctgcaggaa ttgccgtaaa tgtatccgtt tataaggaca 1920 gcccgaatga cggtctgcgc aaaaaaacac gttcatctca ctcgcgatgc tgcggagcag 1980 ttactggctg atattgatcg acgccttgat cagttattgc ccgtggaggg agaacgggat 2040 gttgtgggtg ccgcgatgcg tgaaggtgcg ctggcaccgg gaaaacgtat tcgccccatg 2100 ttgctgttgc tgaccgcccg cgatctgggt tgcgctgtca gccatgacgg attactggat 2160 ttggcctgtg cggtggaaat ggtccacgcg gcttcgctga tccttgacga tatgccctgc 2220 atggacgatg cgaagctgcg gcgcggacgc cctaccattc attctcatta cggagagcat 2280 gtggcaatac tggcggcggt tgccttgctg agtaaagcct ttggcgtaat tgccgatgca 2340 gatggcctca cgccgctggc aaaaaatcgg gcggtttctg aactgtcaaa cgccatcggc 2400 atgcaaggat tggttcaggg tcagttcaag gatctgtctg aaggggataa gccgcgcagc 2460 gctgaagcta ttttgatgac gaatcacttt aaaaccagca cgctgttttg tgcctccatg 2520 cagatggcct cgattgttgc gaatgcctcc agcgaagcgc gtgattgcct gcatcgtttt 2580 tcacttgatc ttggtcaggc atttcaactg ctggacgatt tgaccgatgg catgaccgac 2640 accggtaagg atagcaatca ggacgccggt aaatcgacgc tggtcaatct gttaggcccg 2700 agggcggttg aagaacgtct gagacaacat cttcagcttg ccagtgagca tctctctgcg 2760 gcctgccaac acgggcacgc cactcaacat tttattcagg cctggtttga caaaaaactc 2820 gctgccgtca gttaagctta tgtgcaccgg tcagcctgtc ttaagtggga gcggctatgc 2880 aaccgcatta tgatctgatt ctcgtggggg ctggactcgc gaatggcctt atcgccctgc 2940 gtcttcagca gcagcaacct gatatgcgta ttttgcttat cgacgccgca ccccaggcgg 3000 gcgggaatca tacgtggtca tttcaccacg atgatttgac tgagagccaa catcgttgga 3060 tagctccgct ggtggttcat cactggcccg actatcaggt acgctttccc acacgccgtc 3120 gtaagctgaa cagcggctac ttttgtatta cttctcagcg tttcgctgag gttttacagc 3180 gacagtttgg cccgcacttg tggatggata ccgcggtcgc agaggttaat gcggaatctg 3240 ttcggttgaa aaagggtcag gttatcggtg cccgcgcggt gattgacggg cggggttatg 3300 cggcaaattc agcactgagc gtgggcttcc aggcgtttat tggccaggaa tggcgattga 3360 gccacccgca tggtttatcg tctcccatta tcatggatgc cacggtcgat cagcaaaatg 3420 gttatcgctt cgtgtacagc ctgccgctct cgccgaccag attgttaatt gaagacacgc 3480 actatattga taatgcgaca ttagatcctg aatgcgcgcg gcaaaatatt tgcgactatg 3540 ccgcgcaaca gggttggcag cttcagacac tgctgcgaga agaacagggc gccttaccca 3600 ttactctgtc gggcaatgcc gacgcattct ggcagcagcg ccccctggcc tgtagtggat 3660 tacgtgccgg tctgttccat cctaccaccg gctattcact gccgctggcg gttgccgtgg 3720 ccgaccgcct gagtgcactt gatgtcttta cgtcggcctc aattcaccat gccattacgc 3780 attttgcccg cgagcgctgg cagcagcagg gctttttccg catgctgaat cgcatgctgt 3840 ttttagccgg acccgccgat tcacgctggc gggttatgca gcgtttttat ggtttacctg 3900 aagatttaat tgcccgtttt tatgcgggaa aactcacgct gaccgatcgg ctacgtattc 3960 tgagcggcaa gccgcctgtt ccggtattag cagcattgca agccattatg acgactcatc 4020 gttaaagagc gactacatga aaccaactac ggtaattggt gcaggcttcg gtggcctggc 4080 actggcaatt cgtctacaag ctgcggggat ccccgtctta ctgcttgaac aacgtgataa 4140 acccggcggt cgggcttatg tctacgagga tcaggggttt acctttgatg caggcccgac 4200 ggttatcacc gatcccagtg ccattgaaga actgtttgca ctggcaggaa aacagttaaa 4260 agagtatgtc gaactgctgc cggttacgcc gttttaccgc ctgtgttggg agtcagggaa 4320 ggtctttaat tacgataacg atcaaacccg gctcgaagcg cagattcagc agtttaatcc 4380 ccgcgatgtc gaaggttatc gtcagtttct ggactattca cgcgcggtgt ttaaagaagg 4440 ctatctaaag ctcggtactg tccctttttt atcgttcaga gacatgcttc gcgccgcacc 4500 tcaactggcg aaactgcagg catggagaag cgtttacagt aaggttgcca gttacatcga 4560 agatgaacat ctgcgccagg cgttttcttt ccactcgctg ttggtgggcg gcaatccctt 4620 cgccacctca tccatttata cgttgataca cgcgctggag cgtgagtggg gcgtctggtt 4680 tccgcgtggc ggcaccggcg cattagttca ggggatgata aagctgtttc aggatctggg 4740 tggcgaagtc gtgttaaacg ccagagtcag ccatatggaa acgacaggaa acaagattga 4800 agccgtgcat ttagaggacg gtcgcaggtt cctgacgcaa gccgtcgcgt caaatgcaga 4860 tgtggttcat acctatcgcg acctgttaag ccagcaccct gccgcggtta agcagtccaa 4920 caaactgcag actaagcgca tgagtaactc tctgtttgtg ctctattttg gtttgaatca 4980 ccatcatgat cagctcgcgc atcacacggt ttgtttcggc ccgcgttacc gcgagctgat 5040 tgacgaaatt tttaatcatg atggcctcgc agaggacttc tcactttatc tgcacgcgcc 5100 ctgtgtcacg gattcgtcac tggcgcctga aggttgcggc agttactatg tgttggcgcc 5160 ggtgccgcat ttaggcaccg cgaacctcga ctggacggtt gaggggccaa aactacgcga 5220 ccgtattttt gcgtaccttg agcagcatta catgcctggc ttacggagtc agctggtcac 5280 gcaccggatg tttacgccgt ttgattttcg cgaccagctt aatgcctatc atggctcagc 5340 cttttctgtg gagcccgttc ttacccagag cgcctggttt cggccgcata accgcgataa 5400 aaccattact aatctctacc tggtcggcgc aggcacgcat cccggcgcag gcattcctgg 5460 cgtcatcggc tcggcaaaag cgacagcagg tttgatgctg gaggatctga tttgaataat 5520 ccgtcgttac tcaatcatgc ggtcgaaacg atggcagttg gctcgaaaag ttttgcgaca 5580 gcctcaaagt tatttgatgc aaaaacccgg cgcagcgtac tgatgctcta cgcctggtgc 5640 cgccattgtg acgatgttat tgacgatcag acgctgggct ttcaggcccg gcagcctgcc 5700 ttacaaacgc ccgaacaacg tctgatgcaa cttgagatga aaacgcgcca ggcctatgca 5760 ggatcgcaga tgcacgaacc ggcgtttgcg gcttttcagg aagtggctat ggctcatgat 5820 atcgccccgg cttacgcgtt tgatcatctg gaaggcttcg ccatggatgt acgcgaagcg 5880 caatacagcc aactggatga tacgctgcgc tattgctatc acgttgcagg cgttgtcggc 5940 ttgatgatgg cgcaaatcat gggcgtgcgg gataacgcca cgctggaccg cgcctgtgac 6000 cttgggctgg catttcagtt gaccaatatt gctcgcgata ttgtggacga tgcgcatgcg 6060 ggccgctgtt atctgccggc aagctggctg gagcatgaag gtctgaacaa agagaattat 6120 gcggcacctg aaaaccgtca ggcgctgagc cgtatcgccc gtcgtttggt gcaggaagca 6180 gaaccttact atttgtctgc cacagccggc ctggcagggt tgcccctgcg ttccgcctgg 6240 gcaatcgcta cggcgaagca ggtttaccgg aaaataggtg tcaaagttga acaggccggt 6300 cagcaagcct gggatcagcg gcagtcaacg accacgcccg aaaaattaac gctgctgctg 6360 gccgcctctg gtcaggccct tacttcccgg atgcgggctc atcctccccg ccctgcgcat 6420 ctctggcagc gcccgctcta gcgccatgtc gaccgatgcc cttgagagcc ttcaacccag 6480 tcagctcctt ccggtgggcg cggggcatga ctatcgtcgc cgcacttatg actgtcttct 6540 ttatcatgca actcgtagga caggtgccgg cagcgctctg ggtcattttc ggcgaggacc 6600 gctttcgctg gagcgcgacg atgatcggcc tgtcgcttgc ggtattcgga atcttgcacg 6660 ccctcgctca agccttcgtc actggtcccg ccaccaaacg tttcggcgag aagcaggcca 6720 ttatcgccgg catggcggcc gacgcgctgg gctacgtctt gctggcgttc gcgacgcgag 6780 gctggatggc cttccccatt atgattcttc tcgcttccgg cggcatcggg atgcccgcgt 6840 tgcaggccat gctgtccagg caggtagatg acgaccatca gggacagctt caaggatcgc 6900 tcgcggctct taccagccta acttcgatca ctggaccgct gatcgtcacg gcgatttatg 6960 ccgcctcggc gagcacatgg aacgggttgg catggattgt aggcgccgcc ctataccttg 7020 tctgcctccc cgcgttgcgt cgcggtgcat ggagccgggc cacctcgacc tgaatggaag 7080 ccggcggcac ctcgctaacg gattcaccac tccaagaatt ggagccaatc aattcttgcg 7140 gagaactgtg aatgcgcaaa ccaacccttg gcagaacata tccatcgcgt ccgccatctc 7200 cagcagccgc acgcggcgca tctcgggcag cgttgggtcc tggccacggg tgcgcatgat 7260 cgtgctcctg tcgttgagga cccggctagg ctggcggggt tgccttactg gttagcagaa 7320 tgaatcaccg atacgcgagc gaacgtgaag cgactgctgc tgcaaaacgt ctgcgacctg 7380 agcaacaaca tgaatggtct tcggtttccg tgtttcgtaa agtctggaaa cgcggaagtc 7440 ccctacgtgc tgctgaagtt gcccgcaaca gagagtggaa ccaaccggtg ataccacgat 7500 actatgactg agagtcaacg ccatgagcgg cctcatttct tattctgagt tacaacagtc 7560 cgcaccgctg tccggtagct ccttccggtg ggcgcggggc atgactatcg tcgccgcact 7620 tatgactgtc ttctttatca tgcaactcgt aggacaggtg ccggcagcgc ccaacagtcc 7680 cccggccacg gggcctgcca ccatacccac gccgaaacaa gcgccctgca ccattatgtt 7740 ccggatctgc atcgcaggat gctgctggct accctgtgga acacctacat ctgtattaac 7800 gaagcgctaa ccgtttttat caggctctgg gaggcagaat aaatgatcat atcgtcaatt 7860 attacctcca cggggagagc ctgagcaaac tggcctcagg catttgagaa gcacacggtc 7920 acactgcttc cggtagtcaa taaaccggta aaccagcaat agacataagc ggctatttaa 7980 cgaccctgcc ctgaaccgac gaccgggtcg aatttgcttt cgaatttctg ccattcatcc 8040 gcttattatc acttattcag gcgtagcacc aggcgtttaa gggcaccaat aactgcctta 8100 aaaaaattac gccccgccct gccactcatc gcagtactgt tgtaattcat taagcattct 8160 gccgacatgg aagccatcac agacggcatg atgaacctga atcgccagcg gcatcagcac 8220 cttgtcgcct tgcgtataat atttgcccat ggtgaaaacg ggggcgaaga agttgtccat 8280 attggccacg tttaaatcaa aactggtgaa actcacccag ggattggctg agacgaaaaa 8340 catattctca ataaaccctt tagggaaata ggccaggttt tcaccgtaac acgccacatc 8400 ttgcgaatat atgtgtagaa actgccggaa atcgtcgtgg tattcactcc agagcgatga 8460 aaacgtttca gtttgctcat ggaaaacggt gtaacaaggg tgaacactat cccatatcac 8520 cagctcaccg tctttcattg ccatacg 8547 47 1119 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)..(1116) 47 atg cat aac cag gct cca att caa cgt aga aaa tca aca cgt att tac 48 Met His Asn Gln Ala Pro Ile Gln Arg Arg Lys Ser Thr Arg Ile Tyr 1 5 10 15 gtt ggg aat gtg ccg att ggc gat ggt gct ccc atc gcc gta cag tcc 96 Val Gly Asn Val Pro Ile Gly Asp Gly Ala Pro Ile Ala Val Gln Ser 20 25 30 atg acc aat acg cgt acg aca gac gtc gaa gca acg gtc aat caa atc 144 Met Thr Asn Thr Arg Thr Thr Asp Val Glu Ala Thr Val Asn Gln Ile 35 40 45 aag gcg ctg gaa cgc gtt ggc gct gat atc gtc cgt gta tcc gta ccg 192 Lys Ala Leu Glu Arg Val Gly Ala Asp Ile Val Arg Val Ser Val Pro 50 55 60 acg atg gac gcg gca gaa gcg ttc aaa ctc atc aaa cag cag gtt aac 240 Thr Met Asp Ala Ala Glu Ala Phe Lys Leu Ile Lys Gln Gln Val Asn 65 70 75 80 gtg ccg ctg gtg gct gac atc cac ttc gac tat cgc att gcg ctg aaa 288 Val Pro Leu Val Ala Asp Ile His Phe Asp Tyr Arg Ile Ala Leu Lys 85 90 95 gta gcg gaa tac ggc gtc gat tgt ctg cgt att aac cct ggc aat atc 336 Val Ala Glu Tyr Gly Val Asp Cys Leu Arg Ile Asn Pro Gly Asn Ile 100 105 110 ggt aat gaa gag cgt att cgc atg gtg gtt gac tgt gcg cgc gat aaa 384 Gly Asn Glu Glu Arg Ile Arg Met Val Val Asp Cys Ala Arg Asp Lys 115 120 125 aac att ccg atc cgt att ggc gtt aac gcc gga tcg ctg gaa aaa gat 432 Asn Ile Pro Ile Arg Ile Gly Val Asn Ala Gly Ser Leu Glu Lys Asp 130 135 140 ctg caa gaa aag tat ggc gaa ccg acg ccg cag gcg ttg ctg gaa tct 480 Leu Gln Glu Lys Tyr Gly Glu Pro Thr Pro Gln Ala Leu Leu Glu Ser 145 150 155 160 gcc atg cgt cat gtt gat cat ctc gat cgc ctg aac ttc gat cag ttc 528 Ala Met Arg His Val Asp His Leu Asp Arg Leu Asn Phe Asp Gln Phe 165 170 175 aaa gtc agc gtg aaa gcg tct gac gtc ttc ctc gct gtt gag tct tat 576 Lys Val Ser Val Lys Ala Ser Asp Val Phe Leu Ala Val Glu Ser Tyr 180 185 190 cgt ttg ctg gca aaa cag atc gat cag ccg ttg cat ctg ggg atc acc 624 Arg Leu Leu Ala Lys Gln Ile Asp Gln Pro Leu His Leu Gly Ile Thr 195 200 205 gaa gcc ggt ggt gcg cgc agc ggg gca gta aaa tcc gcc att ggt tta 672 Glu Ala Gly Gly Ala Arg Ser Gly Ala Val Lys Ser Ala Ile Gly Leu 210 215 220 ggt ctg ctg ctg tct gaa ggc atc ggc gac acg ctg cgc gta tcg ctg 720 Gly Leu Leu Leu Ser Glu Gly Ile Gly Asp Thr Leu Arg Val Ser Leu 225 230 235 240 gcg gcc gat ccg gtc gaa gag atc aaa gtc ggt ttc gat att ttg aaa 768 Ala Ala Asp Pro Val Glu Glu Ile Lys Val Gly Phe Asp Ile Leu Lys 245 250 255 tcg ctg cgt atc cgt tcg cga ggg atc aac ttc atc gcc tgc ccg acc 816 Ser Leu Arg Ile Arg Ser Arg Gly Ile Asn Phe Ile Ala Cys Pro Thr 260 265 270 tgt tcg cgt cag gaa ttt gat gtt atc ggt acg gtt aac gcg ctg gag 864 Cys Ser Arg Gln Glu Phe Asp Val Ile Gly Thr Val Asn Ala Leu Glu 275 280 285 caa cgc ctg gaa gat atc atc act ccg atg gac gtt tcg att atc ggc 912 Gln Arg Leu Glu Asp Ile Ile Thr Pro Met Asp Val Ser Ile Ile Gly 290 295 300 tgc gtg gtg aat ggc cca ggt gag gcg ctg gtt tct aca ctc ggc gtc 960 Cys Val Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Ala Leu Val Ser Thr Leu Gly Val 305 310 315 320 acc ggc ggc aac aag aaa agc ggc ctc tat gaa gat ggc gtg cgc aaa 1008 Thr Gly Gly Asn Lys Lys Ser Gly Leu Tyr Glu Asp Gly Val Arg Lys 325 330 335 gac cgt ctg gac aac aac gat atg atc gac cag ctg gaa gca cgc att 1056 Asp Arg Leu Asp Asn Asn Asp Met Ile Asp Gln Leu Glu Ala Arg Ile 340 345 350 cgt gcg aaa gcc agt cag ctg gac gaa gcg cgt cga att gac gtt cag 1104 Arg Ala Lys Ala Ser Gln Leu Asp Glu Ala Arg Arg Ile Asp Val Gln 355 360 365 cag gtt gaa aaa taa 1119 Gln Val Glu Lys 370 48 372 PRT Escherichia coli 48 Met His Asn Gln Ala Pro Ile Gln Arg Arg Lys Ser Thr Arg Ile Tyr 1 5 10 15 Val Gly Asn Val Pro Ile Gly Asp Gly Ala Pro Ile Ala Val Gln Ser 20 25 30 Met Thr Asn Thr Arg Thr Thr Asp Val Glu Ala Thr Val Asn Gln Ile 35 40 45 Lys Ala Leu Glu Arg Val Gly Ala Asp Ile Val Arg Val Ser Val Pro 50 55 60 Thr Met Asp Ala Ala Glu Ala Phe Lys Leu Ile Lys Gln Gln Val Asn 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Leu Val Ala Asp Ile His Phe Asp Tyr Arg Ile Ala Leu Lys 85 90 95 Val Ala Glu Tyr Gly Val Asp Cys Leu Arg Ile Asn Pro Gly Asn Ile 100 105 110 Gly Asn Glu Glu Arg Ile Arg Met Val Val Asp Cys Ala Arg Asp Lys 115 120 125 Asn Ile Pro Ile Arg Ile Gly Val Asn Ala Gly Ser Leu Glu Lys Asp 130 135 140 Leu Gln Glu Lys Tyr Gly Glu Pro Thr Pro Gln Ala Leu Leu Glu Ser 145 150 155 160 Ala Met Arg His Val Asp His Leu Asp Arg Leu Asn Phe Asp Gln Phe 165 170 175 Lys Val Ser Val Lys Ala Ser Asp Val Phe Leu Ala Val Glu Ser Tyr 180 185 190 Arg Leu Leu Ala Lys Gln Ile Asp Gln Pro Leu His Leu Gly Ile Thr 195 200 205 Glu Ala Gly Gly Ala Arg Ser Gly Ala Val Lys Ser Ala Ile Gly Leu 210 215 220 Gly Leu Leu Leu Ser Glu Gly Ile Gly Asp Thr Leu Arg Val Ser Leu 225 230 235 240 Ala Ala Asp Pro Val Glu Glu Ile Lys Val Gly Phe Asp Ile Leu Lys 245 250 255 Ser Leu Arg Ile Arg Ser Arg Gly Ile Asn Phe Ile Ala Cys Pro Thr 260 265 270 Cys Ser Arg Gln Glu Phe Asp Val Ile Gly Thr Val Asn Ala Leu Glu 275 280 285 Gln Arg Leu Glu Asp Ile Ile Thr Pro Met Asp Val Ser Ile Ile Gly 290 295 300 Cys Val Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Ala Leu Val Ser Thr Leu Gly Val 305 310 315 320 Thr Gly Gly Asn Lys Lys Ser Gly Leu Tyr Glu Asp Gly Val Arg Lys 325 330 335 Asp Arg Leu Asp Asn Asn Asp Met Ile Asp Gln Leu Glu Ala Arg Ile 340 345 350 Arg Ala Lys Ala Ser Gln Leu Asp Glu Ala Arg Arg Ile Asp Val Gln 355 360 365 Gln Val Glu Lys 370 49 8823 DNA Artificial Sequence pBScyclogcpE 49 gtggcacttt tcggggaaat gtgcgcggaa cccctatttg tttatttttc taaatacatt 60 caaatatgta tccgctcatg agacaataac cctgataaat gcttcaataa tattgaaaaa 120 ggaagagtat gagtattcaa catttccgtg tcgcccttat tccctttttt gcggcatttt 180 gccttcctgt ttttgctcac ccagaaacgc tggtgaaagt aaaagatgct gaagatcagt 240 tgggtgcacg agtgggttac atcgaactgg atctcaacag cggtaagatc cttgagagtt 300 ttcgccccga agaacgtttt ccaatgatga gcacttttaa agttctgcta tgtggcgcgg 360 tattatcccg tattgacgcc gggcaagagc aactcggtcg ccgcatacac tattctcaga 420 atgacttggt tgagtactca ccagtcacag aaaagcatct tacggatggc atgacagtaa 480 gagaattatg cagtgctgcc ataaccatga gtgataacac tgcggccaac ttacttctga 540 caacgatcgg aggaccgaag gagctaaccg cttttttgca caacatgggg gatcatgtaa 600 ctcgccttga tcgttgggaa ccggagctga atgaagccat accaaacgac gagcgtgaca 660 ccacgatgcc tgtagcaatg gcaacaacgt tgcgcaaact attaactggc gaactactta 720 ctctagcttc ccggcaacaa ttaatagact ggatggaggc ggataaagtt gcaggaccac 780 ttctgcgctc ggcccttccg gctggctggt ttattgctga taaatctgga gccggtgagc 840 gtgggtctcg cggtatcatt gcagcactgg ggccagatgg taagccctcc cgtatcgtag 900 ttatctacac gacggggagt caggcaacta tggatgaacg aaatagacag atcgctgaga 960 taggtgcctc actgattaag cattggtaac tgtcagacca agtttactca tatatacttt 1020 agattgattt aaaacttcat ttttaattta aaaggatcta ggtgaagatc ctttttgata 1080 atctcatgac caaaatccct taacgtgagt tttcgttcca ctgagcgtca gaccccgtag 1140 aaaagatcaa aggatcttct tgagatcctt tttttctgcg cgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaa 1200 caaaaaaacc accgctacca gcggtggttt gtttgccgga tcaagagcta ccaactcttt 1260 ttccgaaggt aactggcttc agcagagcgc agataccaaa tactgtcctt ctagtgtagc 1320 cgtagttagg ccaccacttc aagaactctg tagcaccgcc tacatacctc gctctgctaa 1380 tcctgttacc agtggctgct gccagtggcg ataagtcgtg tcttaccggg ttggactcaa 1440 gacgatagtt accggataag gcgcagcggt cgggctgaac ggggggttcg tgcacacagc 1500 ccagcttgga gcgaacgacc tacaccgaac tgagatacct acagcgtgag ctatgagaaa 1560 gcgccacgct tcccgaaggg agaaaggcgg acaggtatcc ggtaagcggc agggtcggaa 1620 caggagagcg cacgagggag cttccagggg gaaacgcctg gtatctttat agtcctgtcg 1680 ggtttcgcca cctctgactt gagcgtcgat ttttgtgatg ctcgtcaggg gggcggagcc 1740 tatggaaaaa cgccagcaac gcggcctttt tacggttcct ggccttttgc tggccttttg 1800 ctcacatgtt ctttcctgcg ttatcccctg attctgtgga taaccgtatt accgcctttg 1860 agtgagctga taccgctcgc cgcagccgaa cgaccgagcg cagcgagtca gtgagcgagg 1920 aagcggaaga gcgcccaata cgcaaaccgc ctctccccgc gcgttggccg attcattaat 1980 gcagctggca cgacaggttt cccgactgga aagcgggcag tgagcgcaac gcaattaatg 2040 tgagttagct cactcattag gcaccccagg ctttacactt tatgcttccg gctcgtatgt 2100 tgtgtggaat tgtgagcgga taacaatttc acacaggaaa cagctatgac catgattacg 2160 ccaagcgcgc aattaaccct cactaaaggg aacaaaagct ggagctccac cgcgggagga 2220 gaaattaacc atgcataacc aggctccaat tcaacgtaga aaatcaacac gtatttacgt 2280 tgggaatgtg ccgattggcg atggtgctcc catcgccgta cagtccatga ccaatacgcg 2340 tacgacagac gtcgaagcaa cggtcaatca aatcaaggcg ctggaacgcg ttggcgctga 2400 tatcgtccgt gtatccgtac cgacgatgga cgcggcagaa gcgttcaaac tcatcaaaca 2460 gcaggttaac gtgccgctgg tggctgacat ccacttcgac tatcgcattg cgctgaaagt 2520 agcggaatac ggcgtcgatt gtctgcgtat taaccctggc aatatcggta atgaagagcg 2580 tattcgcatg gtggttgact gtgcgcgcga taaaaacatt ccgatccgta ttggcgttaa 2640 cgccggatcg ctggaaaaag atctgcaaga aaagtatggc gaaccgacgc cgcaggcgtt 2700 gctggaatct gccatgcgtc atgttgatca tctcgatcgc ctgaacttcg atcagttcaa 2760 agtcagcgtg aaagcgtctg acgtcttcct cgctgttgag tcttatcgtt tgctggcaaa 2820 acagatcgat cagccgttgc atctggggat caccgaagcc ggtggtgcgc gcagcggggc 2880 agtaaaatcc gccattggtt taggtctgct gctgtctgaa ggcatcggcg acacgctgcg 2940 cgtatcgctg gcggccgatc cggtcgaaga gatcaaagtc ggtttcgata ttttgaaatc 3000 gctgcgtatc cgttcgcgag ggatcaactt catcgcctgc ccgacctgtt cgcgtcagga 3060 atttgatgtt atcggtacgg ttaacgcgct ggagcaacgc ctggaagata tcatcactcc 3120 gatggacgtt tcgattatcg gctgcgtggt gaatggccca ggtgaggcgc tggtttctac 3180 actcggcgtc accggcggca acaagaaaag cggcctctat gaagatggcg tgcgcaaaga 3240 ccgtctggac aacaacgata tgatcgacca gctggaagca cgcattcgtg cgaaagccag 3300 tcagctggac gaagcgcgtc gaattgacgt tcagcaggtt gaaaaataag cggccgctct 3360 agaactagtg gatcccccgg gctgcaggaa ttcgaggaga aattaaccat gtatatcggg 3420 atagatcttg gcacctcggg cgtaaaagtt attttgctca acgagcaggg tgaggtggtt 3480 gctgcgcaaa cggaaaagct gaccgtttcg cgcccgcatc cactctggtc ggaacaagac 3540 ccggaacagt ggtggcaggc aactgatcgc gcaatgaaag ctctgggcga tcagcattct 3600 ctgcaggacg ttaaagcatt gggtattgcc ggccagatgc acggagcaac cttgctggat 3660 gctcagcaac gggtgttacg ccctgccatt ttgtggaacg acgggcgctg tgcgcaagag 3720 tgcactttgc tggaagcgcg agttccgcaa tcgcgggtga ttaccggcaa cctgatgatg 3780 cccggattta ctgcgcctaa attgctatgg gttcagcggc atgagccgga gatattccgt 3840 caaatcgaca aagtattatt accgaaagat tacttgcgtc tgcgtatgac gggggagttt 3900 gccagcgata tgtctgacgc agctggcacc atgtggctgg atgtcgcaaa gcgtgactgg 3960 agtgacgtca tgctgcaggc ttgcgactta tctcgtgacc agatgcccgc attatacgaa 4020 ggcagcgaaa ttactggtgc tttgttacct gaagttgcga aagcgtgggg tatggcgacg 4080 gtgccagttg tcgcaggcgg tggcgacaat gcagctggtg cagttggtgt gggaatggtt 4140 gatgctaatc aggcaatgtt atcgctgggg acgtcggggg tctattttgc tgtcagcgaa 4200 gggttcttaa gcaagccaga aagcgccgta catagctttt gccatgcgct accgcaacgt 4260 tggcatttaa tgtctgtgat gctgagtgca gcgtcgtgtc tggattgggc cgcgaaatta 4320 accggcctga gcaatgtccc agctttaatc gctgcagctc aacaggctga tgaaagtgcc 4380 gagccagttt ggtttctgcc ttatctttcc ggcgagcgta cgccacacaa taatccccag 4440 gcgaaggggg ttttctttgg tttgactcat caacatggcc ccaatgaact ggcgcgagca 4500 gtgctggaag gcgtgggtta tgcgctggca gatggcatgg atgtcgtgca tgcctgcggt 4560 attaaaccgc aaagtgttac gttgattggg ggcggggcgc gtagtgagta ctggcgtcag 4620 atgctggcgg atatcagcgg tcagcagctc gattaccgta cgggggggga tgtggggcca 4680 gcactgggcg cagcaaggct ggcgcagatc gcggcgaatc cagagaaatc gctcattgaa 4740 ttgttgccgc aactaccgtt agaacagtcg catctaccag atgcgcagcg ttatgccgct 4800 tatcagccac gacgagaaac gttccgtcgc ctctatcagc aacttctgcc attaatggcg 4860 taaaagcttg aggagaaatt aaccatgaag caactcacca ttctgggctc gaccggctcg 4920 attggttgca gcacgctgga cgtggtgcgc cataatcccg aacacttccg cgtagttgcg 4980 ctggtggcag gcaaaaatgt cactcgcatg gtagaacagt gcctggaatt ctctccccgc 5040 tatgccgtaa tggacgatga agcgagtgcg aaacttctta aaacgatgct acagcaacag 5100 ggtagccgca ccgaagtctt aagtgggcaa caagccgctt gcgatatggc agcgcttgag 5160 gatgttgatc aggtgatggc agccattgtt ggcgctgctg ggctgttacc tacgcttgct 5220 gcgatccgcg cgggtaaaac cattttgctg gccaataaag aatcactggt tacctgcgga 5280 cgtctgttta tggacgccgt aaagcagagc aaagcgcaat tgttaccggt cgatagcgaa 5340 cataacgcca tttttcagag tttaccgcaa cctatccagc ataatctggg atacgctgac 5400 cttgagcaaa atggcgtggt gtccatttta cttaccgggt ctggtggccc tttccgtgag 5460 acgccattgc gcgatttggc aacaatgacg ccggatcaag cctgccgtca tccgaactgg 5520 tcgatggggc gtaaaatttc tgtcgattcg gctaccatga tgaacaaagg tctggaatac 5580 attgaagcgc gttggctgtt taacgccagc gccagccaga tggaagtgct gattcacccg 5640 cagtcagtga ttcactcaat ggtgcgctat caggacggca gtgttctggc gcagctgggg 5700 gaaccggata tgcgtacgcc aattgcccac accatggcat ggccgaatcg cgtgaactct 5760 ggcgtgaagc cgctcgattt ttgcaaacta agtgcgttga catttgccgc accggattat 5820 gatcgttatc catgcctgaa actggcgatg gaggcgttcg aacaaggcca ggcagcgacg 5880 acagcattga atgccgcaaa cgaaatcacc gttgctgctt ttcttgcgca acaaatccgc 5940 tttacggata tcgctgcgtt gaatttatcc gtactggaaa aaatggatat gcgcgaacca 6000 caatgtgtgg acgatgtgtt atctgttgat gcgaacgcgc gtgaagtcgc cagaaaagag 6060 gtgatgcgtc tcgcaagctg agtcgacgag gagaaattaa ccatggcaac cactcatttg 6120 gatgtttgcg ccgtggttcc ggcggccgga tttggccgtc gaatgcaaac ggaatgtcct 6180 aagcaatatc tctcaatcgg taatcaaacc attcttgaac actcggtgca tgcgctgctg 6240 gcgcatcccc gggtgaaacg tgtcgtcatt gccataagtc ctggcgatag ccgttttgca 6300 caacttcctc tggcgaatca tccgcaaatc accgttgtag atggcggtga tgagcgtgcc 6360 gattccgtgc tggcaggtct gaaagccgct ggcgacgcgc agtgggtatt ggtgcatgac 6420 gccgctcgtc cttgtttgca tcaggatgac ctcgcgcgat tgttggcgtt gagcgaaacc 6480 agccgcacgg gggggatcct cgccgcacca gtgcgcgata ctatgaaacg tgccgaaccg 6540 ggcaaaaatg ccattgctca taccgttgat cgcaacggct tatggcacgc gctgacgccg 6600 caatttttcc ctcgtgagct gttacatgac tgtctgacgc gcgctctaaa tgaaggcgcg 6660 actattaccg acgaagcctc ggcgctggaa tattgcggat tccatcctca gttggtcgaa 6720 ggccgtgcgg ataacattaa agtcacgcgc ccggaagatt tggcactggc cgagttttac 6780 ctcacccgaa ccatccatca ggagaataca taatgcgaat tggacacggt tttgacgtac 6840 atgcctttgg cggtgaaggc ccaattatca ttggtggcgt acgcattcct tacgaaaaag 6900 gattgctggc gcattctgat ggcgacgtgg cgctccatgc gttgaccgat gcattgcttg 6960 gcgcggcggc gctgggggat atcggcaagc tgttcccgga taccgatccg gcatttaaag 7020 gtgccgatag ccgcgagctg ctacgcgaag cctggcgtcg tattcaggcg aagggttata 7080 cccttggcaa cgtcgatgtc actatcatcg ctcaggcacc gaagatgttg ccgcacattc 7140 cacaaatgcg cgtgtttatt gccgaagatc tcggctgcca tatggatgat gttaacgtga 7200 aagccactac tacggaaaaa ctgggattta ccggacgtgg ggaagggatt gcctgtgaag 7260 cggtggcgct actcattaag gcaacaaaat gactcgagga ggagaaatta accatgcgga 7320 cacagtggcc ctctccggca aaacttaatc tgtttttata cattaccggt cagcgtgcgg 7380 atggttacca cacgctgcaa acgctgtttc agtttcttga ttacggcgac accatcagca 7440 ttgagcttcg tgacgatggg gatattcgtc tgttaacgcc cgttgaaggc gtggaacatg 7500 aagataacct gatcgttcgc gcagcgcgat tgttgatgaa aactgcggca gacagcgggc 7560 gtcttccgac gggaagcggt gcgaatatca gcattgacaa gcgtttgccg atgggcggcg 7620 gtctcggcgg tggttcatcc aatgccgcga cggtcctggt ggcattaaat catctctggc 7680 aatgcgggct aagcatggat gagctggcgg aaatggggct gacgctgggc gcagatgttc 7740 ctgtctttgt tcgggggcat gccgcgtttg ccgaaggcgt tggtgaaata ctaacgccgg 7800 tggatccgcc agagaagtgg tatctggtgg cgcaccctgg tgtaagtatt ccgactccgg 7860 tgatttttaa agatcctgaa ctcccgcgca atacgccaaa aaggtcaata gaaacgttgc 7920 taaaatgtga attcagcaat gattgcgagg ttatcgcaag aaaacgtttt cgcgaggttg 7980 atgcggtgct ttcctggctg ttagaatacg ccccgtcgcg cctgactggg acaggggcct 8040 gtgtctttgc tgaatttgat acagagtctg aagcccgcca ggtgctagag caagccccgg 8100 aatggctcaa tggctttgtg gcgaaaggcg ctaatctttc cccattgcac agagccatgc 8160 tttaaggtac ccaattcgcc ctatagtgag tcgtattacg cgcgctcact ggccgtcgtt 8220 ttacaacgtc gtgactggga aaaccctggc gttacccaac ttaatcgcct tgcagcacat 8280 ccccctttcg ccagctggcg taatagcgaa gaggcccgca ccgatcgccc ttcccaacag 8340 ttgcgcagcc tgaatggcga atggaaattg taagcgttaa tattttgtta aaattcgcgt 8400 taaatttttg ttaaatcagc tcatttttta accaataggc cgaaatcggc aaaatccctt 8460 ataaatcaaa agaatagacc gagatagggt tgagtgttgt tccagtttgg aacaagagtc 8520 cactattaaa gaacgtggac tccaacgtca aagggcgaaa aaccgtctat cagggcgatg 8580 gcccactacg tgaaccatca ccctaatcaa gttttttggg gtcgaggtgc cgtaaagcac 8640 taaatcggaa ccctaaaggg agcccccgat ttagagcttg acggggaaag ccggcgaacg 8700 tggcgagaaa ggaagggaag aaagcgaaag gagcgggcgc tagggcgctg gcaagtgtag 8760 cggtcacgct gcgcgtaacc accacacccg ccgcgcttaa tgcgccgcta cagggcgcgt 8820 cag 8823 50 5793 DNA Artificial Sequence pACYClytBgcpE 50 gaattccgga tgagcattca tcaggcgggc aagaatgtga ataaaggccg gataaaactt 60 gtgcttattt ttctttacgg tctttaaaaa ggccgtaata tccagctgaa cggtctggtt 120 ataggtacat tgagcaactg actgaaatgc ctcaaaatgt tctttacgat gccattggga 180 tatatcaacg gtggtatatc cagtgatttt tttctccatt ttagcttcct tagctcctga 240 aaatctcgat aactcaaaaa atacgcccgg tagtgatctt atttcattat ggtgaaagtt 300 ggaacctctt acgtgccgat caacgtctca ttttcgccaa aagttggccc agggcttccc 360 ggtatcaaca gggacaccag gatttattta ttctgcgaag tgatcttccg tcacaggtat 420 ttattcggcg caaagtgcgt cgggtgatgc tgccaactta ctgatttagt gtatgatggt 480 gtttttgagg tgctccagtg gcttctgttt ctatcagctg tccctcctgt tcagctactg 540 acggggtggt gcgtaacggc aaaagcaccg ccggacatca gcgctagcgg agtgtatact 600 ggcttactat gttggcactg atgagggtgt cagtgaagtg cttcatgtgg caggagaaaa 660 aaggctgcac cggtgcgtca gcagaatatg tgatacagga tatattccgc ttcctcgctc 720 actgactcgc tacgctcggt cgttcgactg cggcgagcgg aaatggctta cgaacggggc 780 ggagatttcc tggaagatgc caggaagata cttaacaggg aagtgagagg gccgcggcaa 840 agccgttttt ccataggctc cgcccccctg acaagcatca cgaaatctga cgctcaaatc 900 agtggtggcg aaacccgaca ggactataaa gataccaggc gtttccccct ggcggctccc 960 tcgtgcgctc tcctgttcct gcctttcggt ttaccggtgt cattccgctg ttatggccgc 1020 gtttgtctca ttccacgcct gacactcagt tccgggtagg cagttcgctc caagctggac 1080 tgtatgcacg aaccccccgt tcagtccgac cgctgcgcct tatccggtaa ctatcgtctt 1140 gagtccaacc cggaaagaca tgcaaaagca ccactggcag cagccactgg taattgattt 1200 agaggagtta gtcttgaagt catgcgccgg ttaaggctaa actgaaagga caagttttgg 1260 tgactgcgct cctccaagcc agttacctcg gttcaaagag ttggtagctc agagaacctt 1320 cgaaaaaccg ccctgcaagg cggttttttc gttttcagag caagagatta cgcgcagacc 1380 aaaacgatct caagaagatc atcttattaa tcagataaaa tatttctaga tttcagtgca 1440 atttatctct tcaaatgtag cacctgaagt cagccccata cgatataagt tgtaattctc 1500 atgtttgaca gcttatcatc gataagcttt aatgcggtag tttatcacag ttaaattgct 1560 aacgcagtca ggcaccgtgt atgaaatcta acaatgcgct catcgtcatc ctcggcaccg 1620 tcaccctgga tgctgtaggc ataggcttgg ttatgccggt actgccgggc ctcttgcggg 1680 atatcgtcca ttccgacagc atcgccagtc actatggcgt gctgctagcg ctatatgcgt 1740 tgatgcaatt tctatgcgca cccgttctcg gagcactgtc cgaccgcttt ggccgccgcc 1800 cagtcctgct cgcttcgcta cttggagcca ctatcgacta cgcgatcatg gcgaccacac 1860 ccgtcctgtg gatccgagga gaaattaacc atgcataacc aggctccaat tcaacgtaga 1920 aaatcaacac gtatttacgt tgggaatgtg ccgattggcg atggtgctcc catcgccgta 1980 cagtccatga ccaatacgcg tacgacagac gtcgaagcaa cggtcaatca aatcaaggcg 2040 ctggaacgcg ttggcgctga tatcgtccgt gtatccgtac cgacgatgga cgcggcagaa 2100 gcgttcaaac tcatcaaaca gcaggttaac gtgccgctgg tggctgacat ccacttcgac 2160 tatcgcattg cgctgaaagt agcggaatac ggcgtcgatt gtctgcgtat taaccctggc 2220 aatatcggta atgaagagcg tattcgcatg gtggttgact gtgcgcgcga taaaaacatt 2280 ccgatccgta ttggcgttaa cgccggatcg ctggaaaaag atctgcaaga aaagtatggc 2340 gaaccgacgc cgcaggcgtt gctggaatct gccatgcgtc atgttgatca tctcgatcgc 2400 ctgaacttcg atcagttcaa agtcagcgtg aaagcgtctg acgtcttcct cgctgttgag 2460 tcttatcgtt tgctggcaaa acagatcgat cagccgttgc atctggggat caccgaagcc 2520 ggtggtgcgc gcagcggggc agtaaaatcc gccattggtt taggtctgct gctgtctgaa 2580 ggcatcggcg acacgctgcg cgtatcgctg gcggccgatc cggtcgaaga gatcaaagtc 2640 ggtttcgata ttttgaaatc gctgcgtatc cgttcgcgag ggatcaactt catcgcctgc 2700 ccgacctgtt cgcgtcagga atttgatgtt atcggtacgg ttaacgcgct ggagcaacgc 2760 ctggaagata tcatcactcc gatggacgtt tcgattatcg gctgcgtggt gaatggccca 2820 ggtgaggcgc tggtttctac actcggcgtc accggcggca acaagaaaag cggcctctat 2880 gaagatggcg tgcgcaaaga ccgtctggac aacaacgata tgatcgacca gctggaagca 2940 cgcattcgtg cgaaagccag tcagctggac gaagcgcgtc gaattgacgt tcagcaggtt 3000 gaaaaataag tcgacgagga gaaattaacc atgcagatcc tgttggccaa cccgcgtggt 3060 ttttgtgccg gggtagaccg cgctatcagc attgttgaaa acgcgctggc catttacggc 3120 gcaccgatat atgtccgtca cgaagtggta cataaccgct atgtggtcga tagcttgcgt 3180 gagcgtgggg ctatctttat tgagcagatt agcgaagtac cggacggcgc gatcctgatt 3240 ttctccgcac acggtgtttc tcaggcggta cgtaacgaag caaaaagtcg cgatttgacg 3300 gtgtttgatg ccacctgtcc gctggtgacc aaagtgcata tggaagtcgc ccgcgccagt 3360 cgccgtggcg aagaatctat tctcatcggt cacgccgggc acccggaagt ggaagggaca 3420 atgggccagt acagtaaccc ggaaggggga atgtatctgg tcgaatcgcc ggacgatgtg 3480 tggaaactga cggtcaaaaa cgaagagaag ctctccttta tgacccagac cacgctgtcg 3540 gtggatgaca cgtctgatgt gatcgacgcg ctgcgtaaac gcttcccgaa aattgtcggt 3600 ccgcgcaaag atgacatctg ctacgccacg actaaccgtc aggaagcggt acgcgccctg 3660 gcagaacagg cggaagttgt gttggtggtc ggttcgaaaa actcctccaa ctccaaccgt 3720 ctggcggagc tggcccagcg tatgggcaaa cgcgcgtttt tgattgacga tgcgaaagac 3780 atccaggaag agtgggtgaa agaggttaaa tgcgtcggcg tgactgcggg cgcatcggct 3840 ccggatattc tggtgcagaa tgtggtggca cgtttgcagc agctgggcgg tggtgaagcc 3900 attccgctgg aaggccgtga agaaaacatt gttttcgaag tgccgaaaga gctgcgtgtc 3960 gatattcgtg aagtcgatta acggccgacg cgctgggcta cgtcttgctg gcgttcgcga 4020 cgcgaggctg gatggccttc cccattatga ttcttctcgc ttccggcggc atcgggatgc 4080 ccgcgttgca ggccatgctg tccaggcagg tagatgacga ccatcaggga cagcttcaag 4140 gatcgctcgc ggctcttacc agcctaactt cgatcactgg accgctgatc gtcacggcga 4200 tttatgccgc ctcggcgagc acatggaacg ggttggcatg gattgtaggc gccgccctat 4260 accttgtctg cctccccgcg ttgcgtcgcg gtgcatggag ccgggccacc tcgacctgaa 4320 tggaagccgg cggcacctcg ctaacggatt caccactcca agaattggag ccaatcaatt 4380 cttgcggaga actgtgaatg cgcaaaccaa cccttggcag aacatatcca tcgcgtccgc 4440 catctccagc agccgcacgc ggcgcatctc gggcagcgtt gggtcctggc cacgggtgcg 4500 catgatcgtg ctcctgtcgt tgaggacccg gctaggctgg cggggttgcc ttactggtta 4560 gcagaatgaa tcaccgatac gcgagcgaac gtgaagcgac tgctgctgca aaacgtctgc 4620 gacctgagca acaacatgaa tggtcttcgg tttccgtgtt tcgtaaagtc tggaaacgcg 4680 gaagtcccct acgtgctgct gaagttgccc gcaacagaga gtggaaccaa ccggtgatac 4740 cacgatacta tgactgagag tcaacgccat gagcggcctc atttcttatt ctgagttaca 4800 acagtccgca ccgctgtccg gtagctcctt ccggtgggcg cggggcatga ctatcgtcgc 4860 cgcacttatg actgtcttct ttatcatgca actcgtagga caggtgccgg cagcgcccaa 4920 cagtcccccg gccacggggc ctgccaccat acccacgccg aaacaagcgc cctgcaccat 4980 tatgttccgg atctgcatcg caggatgctg ctggctaccc tgtggaacac ctacatctgt 5040 attaacgaag cgctaaccgt ttttatcagg ctctgggagg cagaataaat gatcatatcg 5100 tcaattatta cctccacggg gagagcctga gcaaactggc ctcaggcatt tgagaagcac 5160 acggtcacac tgcttccggt agtcaataaa ccggtaaacc agcaatagac ataagcggct 5220 atttaacgac cctgccctga accgacgacc gggtcgaatt tgctttcgaa tttctgccat 5280 tcatccgctt attatcactt attcaggcgt agcaccaggc gtttaagggc accaataact 5340 gccttaaaaa aattacgccc cgccctgcca ctcatcgcag tactgttgta attcattaag 5400 cattctgccg acatggaagc catcacagac ggcatgatga acctgaatcg ccagcggcat 5460 cagcaccttg tcgccttgcg tataatattt gcccatggtg aaaacggggg cgaagaagtt 5520 gtccatattg gccacgttta aatcaaaact ggtgaaactc acccagggat tggctgagac 5580 gaaaaacata ttctcaataa accctttagg gaaataggcc aggttttcac cgtaacacgc 5640 cacatcttgc gaatatatgt gtagaaactg ccggaaatcg tcgtggtatt cactccagag 5700 cgatgaaaac gtttcagttt gctcatggaa aacggtgtaa caagggtgaa cactatccca 5760 tatcaccagc tcaccgtctt tcattgccat acg 5793 51 951 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)..(948) 51 atg cag atc ctg ttg gcc aac ccg cgt ggt ttt tgt gcc ggg gta gac 48 Met Gln Ile Leu Leu Ala Asn Pro Arg Gly Phe Cys Ala Gly Val Asp 1 5 10 15 cgc gct atc agc att gtt gaa aac gcg ctg gcc att tac ggc gca ccg 96 Arg Ala Ile Ser Ile Val Glu Asn Ala Leu Ala Ile Tyr Gly Ala Pro 20 25 30 ata tat gtc cgt cac gaa gtg gta cat aac cgc tat gtg gtc gat agc 144 Ile Tyr Val Arg His Glu Val Val His Asn Arg Tyr Val Val Asp Ser 35 40 45 ttg cgt gag cgt ggg gct atc ttt att gag cag att agc gaa gta ccg 192 Leu Arg Glu Arg Gly Ala Ile Phe Ile Glu Gln Ile Ser Glu Val Pro 50 55 60 gac ggc gcg atc ctg att ttc tcc gca cac ggt gtt tct cag gcg gta 240 Asp Gly Ala Ile Leu Ile Phe Ser Ala His Gly Val Ser Gln Ala Val 65 70 75 80 cgt aac gaa gca aaa agt cgc gat ttg acg gtg ttt gat gcc acc tgt 288 Arg Asn Glu Ala Lys Ser Arg Asp Leu Thr Val Phe Asp Ala Thr Cys 85 90 95 ccg ctg gtg acc aaa gtg cat atg gaa gtc gcc cgc gcc agt cgc cgt 336 Pro Leu Val Thr Lys Val His Met Glu Val Ala Arg Ala Ser Arg Arg 100 105 110 ggc gaa gaa tct att ctc atc ggt cac gcc ggg cac ccg gaa gtg gaa 384 Gly Glu Glu Ser Ile Leu Ile Gly His Ala Gly His Pro Glu Val Glu 115 120 125 ggg aca atg ggc cag tac agt aac ccg gaa ggg gga atg tat ctg gtc 432 Gly Thr Met Gly Gln Tyr Ser Asn Pro Glu Gly Gly Met Tyr Leu Val 130 135 140 gaa tcg ccg gac gat gtg tgg aaa ctg acg gtc aaa aac gaa gag aag 480 Glu Ser Pro Asp Asp Val Trp Lys Leu Thr Val Lys Asn Glu Glu Lys 145 150 155 160 ctc tcc ttt atg acc cag acc acg ctg tcg gtg gat gac acg tct gat 528 Leu Ser Phe Met Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ser Val Asp Asp Thr Ser Asp 165 170 175 gtg atc gac gcg ctg cgt aaa cgc ttc ccg aaa att gtc ggt ccg cgc 576 Val Ile Asp Ala Leu Arg Lys Arg Phe Pro Lys Ile Val Gly Pro Arg 180 185 190 aaa gat gac atc tgc tac gcc acg act aac cgt cag gaa gcg gta cgc 624 Lys Asp Asp Ile Cys Tyr Ala Thr Thr Asn Arg Gln Glu Ala Val Arg 195 200 205 gcc ctg gca gaa cag gcg gaa gtt gtg ttg gtg gtc ggt tcg aaa aac 672 Ala Leu Ala Glu Gln Ala Glu Val Val Leu Val Val Gly Ser Lys Asn 210 215 220 tcc tcc aac tcc aac cgt ctg gcg gag ctg gcc cag cgt atg ggc aaa 720 Ser Ser Asn Ser Asn Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu Ala Gln Arg Met Gly Lys 225 230 235 240 cgc gcg ttt ttg att gac gat gcg aaa gac atc cag gaa gag tgg gtg 768 Arg Ala Phe Leu Ile Asp Asp Ala Lys Asp Ile Gln Glu Glu Trp Val 245 250 255 aaa gag gtt aaa tgc gtc ggc gtg act gcg ggc gca tcg gct ccg gat 816 Lys Glu Val Lys Cys Val Gly Val Thr Ala Gly Ala Ser Ala Pro Asp 260 265 270 att ctg gtg cag aat gtg gtg gca cgt ttg cag cag ctg ggc ggt ggt 864 Ile Leu Val Gln Asn Val Val Ala Arg Leu Gln Gln Leu Gly Gly Gly 275 280 285 gaa gcc att ccg ctg gaa ggc cgt gaa gaa aac att gtt ttc gaa gtg 912 Glu Ala Ile Pro Leu Glu Gly Arg Glu Glu Asn Ile Val Phe Glu Val 290 295 300 ccg aaa gag ctg cgt gtc gat att cgt gaa gtc gat taa 951 Pro Lys Glu Leu Arg Val Asp Ile Arg Glu Val Asp 305 310 315 52 316 PRT Escherichia coli 52 Met Gln Ile Leu Leu Ala Asn Pro Arg Gly Phe Cys Ala Gly Val Asp 1 5 10 15 Arg Ala Ile Ser Ile Val Glu Asn Ala Leu Ala Ile Tyr Gly Ala Pro 20 25 30 Ile Tyr Val Arg His Glu Val Val His Asn Arg Tyr Val Val Asp Ser 35 40 45 Leu Arg Glu Arg Gly Ala Ile Phe Ile Glu Gln Ile Ser Glu Val Pro 50 55 60 Asp Gly Ala Ile Leu Ile Phe Ser Ala His Gly Val Ser Gln Ala Val 65 70 75 80 Arg Asn Glu Ala Lys Ser Arg Asp Leu Thr Val Phe Asp Ala Thr Cys 85 90 95 Pro Leu Val Thr Lys Val His Met Glu Val Ala Arg Ala Ser Arg Arg 100 105 110 Gly Glu Glu Ser Ile Leu Ile Gly His Ala Gly His Pro Glu Val Glu 115 120 125 Gly Thr Met Gly Gln Tyr Ser Asn Pro Glu Gly Gly Met Tyr Leu Val 130 135 140 Glu Ser Pro Asp Asp Val Trp Lys Leu Thr Val Lys Asn Glu Glu Lys 145 150 155 160 Leu Ser Phe Met Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ser Val Asp Asp Thr Ser Asp 165 170 175 Val Ile Asp Ala Leu Arg Lys Arg Phe Pro Lys Ile Val Gly Pro Arg 180 185 190 Lys Asp Asp Ile Cys Tyr Ala Thr Thr Asn Arg Gln Glu Ala Val Arg 195 200 205 Ala Leu Ala Glu Gln Ala Glu Val Val Leu Val Val Gly Ser Lys Asn 210 215 220 Ser Ser Asn Ser Asn Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu Ala Gln Arg Met Gly Lys 225 230 235 240 Arg Ala Phe Leu Ile Asp Asp Ala Lys Asp Ile Gln Glu Glu Trp Val 245 250 255 Lys Glu Val Lys Cys Val Gly Val Thr Ala Gly Ala Ser Ala Pro Asp 260 265 270 Ile Leu Val Gln Asn Val Val Ala Arg Leu Gln Gln Leu Gly Gly Gly 275 280 285 Glu Ala Ile Pro Leu Glu Gly Arg Glu Glu Asn Ile Val Phe Glu Val 290 295 300 Pro Lys Glu Leu Arg Val Asp Ile Arg Glu Val Asp 305 310 315 53 9795 DNA Artificial Sequence pBScyclogcpElytB2 53 gtggcacttt tcggggaaat gtgcgcggaa cccctatttg tttatttttc taaatacatt 60 caaatatgta tccgctcatg agacaataac cctgataaat gcttcaataa tattgaaaaa 120 ggaagagtat gagtattcaa catttccgtg tcgcccttat tccctttttt gcggcatttt 180 gccttcctgt ttttgctcac ccagaaacgc tggtgaaagt aaaagatgct gaagatcagt 240 tgggtgcacg agtgggttac atcgaactgg atctcaacag cggtaagatc cttgagagtt 300 ttcgccccga agaacgtttt ccaatgatga gcacttttaa agttctgcta tgtggcgcgg 360 tattatcccg tattgacgcc gggcaagagc aactcggtcg ccgcatacac tattctcaga 420 atgacttggt tgagtactca ccagtcacag aaaagcatct tacggatggc atgacagtaa 480 gagaattatg cagtgctgcc ataaccatga gtgataacac tgcggccaac ttacttctga 540 caacgatcgg aggaccgaag gagctaaccg cttttttgca caacatgggg gatcatgtaa 600 ctcgccttga tcgttgggaa ccggagctga atgaagccat accaaacgac gagcgtgaca 660 ccacgatgcc tgtagcaatg gcaacaacgt tgcgcaaact attaactggc gaactactta 720 ctctagcttc ccggcaacaa ttaatagact ggatggaggc ggataaagtt gcaggaccac 780 ttctgcgctc ggcccttccg gctggctggt ttattgctga taaatctgga gccggtgagc 840 gtgggtctcg cggtatcatt gcagcactgg ggccagatgg taagccctcc cgtatcgtag 900 ttatctacac gacggggagt caggcaacta tggatgaacg aaatagacag atcgctgaga 960 taggtgcctc actgattaag cattggtaac tgtcagacca agtttactca tatatacttt 1020 agattgattt aaaacttcat ttttaattta aaaggatcta ggtgaagatc ctttttgata 1080 atctcatgac caaaatccct taacgtgagt tttcgttcca ctgagcgtca gaccccgtag 1140 aaaagatcaa aggatcttct tgagatcctt tttttctgcg cgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaa 1200 caaaaaaacc accgctacca gcggtggttt gtttgccgga tcaagagcta ccaactcttt 1260 ttccgaaggt aactggcttc agcagagcgc agataccaaa tactgtcctt ctagtgtagc 1320 cgtagttagg ccaccacttc aagaactctg tagcaccgcc tacatacctc gctctgctaa 1380 tcctgttacc agtggctgct gccagtggcg ataagtcgtg tcttaccggg ttggactcaa 1440 gacgatagtt accggataag gcgcagcggt cgggctgaac ggggggttcg tgcacacagc 1500 ccagcttgga gcgaacgacc tacaccgaac tgagatacct acagcgtgag ctatgagaaa 1560 gcgccacgct tcccgaaggg agaaaggcgg acaggtatcc ggtaagcggc agggtcggaa 1620 caggagagcg cacgagggag cttccagggg gaaacgcctg gtatctttat agtcctgtcg 1680 ggtttcgcca cctctgactt gagcgtcgat ttttgtgatg ctcgtcaggg gggcggagcc 1740 tatggaaaaa cgccagcaac gcggcctttt tacggttcct ggccttttgc tggccttttg 1800 ctcacatgtt ctttcctgcg ttatcccctg attctgtgga taaccgtatt accgcctttg 1860 agtgagctga taccgctcgc cgcagccgaa cgaccgagcg cagcgagtca gtgagcgagg 1920 aagcggaaga gcgcccaata cgcaaaccgc ctctccccgc gcgttggccg attcattaat 1980 gcagctggca cgacaggttt cccgactgga aagcgggcag tgagcgcaac gcaattaatg 2040 tgagttagct cactcattag gcaccccagg ctttacactt tatgcttccg gctcgtatgt 2100 tgtgtggaat tgtgagcgga taacaatttc acacaggaaa cagctatgac catgattacg 2160 ccaagcgcgc aattaaccct cactaaaggg aacaaaagct ggagctccac cgcgggagga 2220 gaaattaacc atgcataacc aggctccaat tcaacgtaga aaatcaacac gtatttacgt 2280 tgggaatgtg ccgattggcg atggtgctcc catcgccgta cagtccatga ccaatacgcg 2340 tacgacagac gtcgaagcaa cggtcaatca aatcaaggcg ctggaacgcg ttggcgctga 2400 tatcgtccgt gtatccgtac cgacgatgga cgcggcagaa gcgttcaaac tcatcaaaca 2460 gcaggttaac gtgccgctgg tggctgacat ccacttcgac tatcgcattg cgctgaaagt 2520 agcggaatac ggcgtcgatt gtctgcgtat taaccctggc aatatcggta atgaagagcg 2580 tattcgcatg gtggttgact gtgcgcgcga taaaaacatt ccgatccgta ttggcgttaa 2640 cgccggatcg ctggaaaaag atctgcaaga aaagtatggc gaaccgacgc cgcaggcgtt 2700 gctggaatct gccatgcgtc atgttgatca tctcgatcgc ctgaacttcg atcagttcaa 2760 agtcagcgtg aaagcgtctg acgtcttcct cgctgttgag tcttatcgtt tgctggcaaa 2820 acagatcgat cagccgttgc atctggggat caccgaagcc ggtggtgcgc gcagcggggc 2880 agtaaaatcc gccattggtt taggtctgct gctgtctgaa ggcatcggcg acacgctgcg 2940 cgtatcgctg gcggccgatc cggtcgaaga gatcaaagtc ggtttcgata ttttgaaatc 3000 gctgcgtatc cgttcgcgag ggatcaactt catcgcctgc ccgacctgtt cgcgtcagga 3060 atttgatgtt atcggtacgg ttaacgcgct ggagcaacgc ctggaagata tcatcactcc 3120 gatggacgtt tcgattatcg gctgcgtggt gaatggccca ggtgaggcgc tggtttctac 3180 actcggcgtc accggcggca acaagaaaag cggcctctat gaagatggcg tgcgcaaaga 3240 ccgtctggac aacaacgata tgatcgacca gctggaagca cgcattcgtg cgaaagccag 3300 tcagctggac gaagcgcgtc gaattgacgt tcagcaggtt gaaaaataag tcgacgagga 3360 gaaattaacc atgcagatcc tgttggccaa cccgcgtggt ttttgtgccg gggtagaccg 3420 cgctatcagc attgttgaaa acgcgctggc catttacggc gcaccgatat atgtccgtca 3480 cgaagtggta cataaccgct atgtggtcga tagcttgcgt gagcgtgggg ctatctttat 3540 tgagcagatt agcgaagtac cggacggcgc gatcctgatt ttctccgcac acggtgtttc 3600 tcaggcggta cgtaacgaag caaaaagtcg cgatttgacg gtgtttgatg ccacctgtcc 3660 gctggtgacc aaagtgcata tggaagtcgc ccgcgccagt cgccgtggcg aagaatctat 3720 tctcatcggt cacgccgggc acccggaagt ggaagggaca atgggccagt acagtaaccc 3780 ggaaggggga atgtatctgg tcgaatcgcc ggacgatgtg tggaaactga cggtcaaaaa 3840 cgaagagaag ctctccttta tgacccagac cacgctgtcg gtggatgaca cgtctgatgt 3900 gatcgacgcg ctgcgtaaac gcttcccgaa aattgtcggt ccgcgcaaag atgacatctg 3960 ctacgccacg actaaccgtc aggaagcggt acgcgccctg gcagaacagg cggaagttgt 4020 gttggtggtc ggttcgaaaa actcctccaa ctccaaccgt ctggcggagc tggcccagcg 4080 tatgggcaaa cgcgcgtttt tgattgacga tgcgaaagac atccaggaag agtgggtgaa 4140 agaggttaaa tgcgtcggcg tgactgcggg cgcatcggct ccggatattc tggtgcagaa 4200 tgtggtggca cgtttgcagc agctgggcgg tggtgaagcc attccgctgg aaggccgtga 4260 agaaaacatt gttttcgaag tgccgaaaga gctgcgtgtc gatattcgtg aagtcgatta 4320 agcggccgct ctagaactag tggatccccc gggctgcagg aattcgagga gaaattaacc 4380 atgtatatcg ggatagatct tggcacctcg ggcgtaaaag ttattttgct caacgagcag 4440 ggtgaggtgg ttgctgcgca aacggaaaag ctgaccgttt cgcgcccgca tccactctgg 4500 tcggaacaag acccggaaca gtggtggcag gcaactgatc gcgcaatgaa agctctgggc 4560 gatcagcatt ctctgcagga cgttaaagca ttgggtattg ccggccagat gcacggagca 4620 accttgctgg atgctcagca acgggtgtta cgccctgcca ttttgtggaa cgacgggcgc 4680 tgtgcgcaag agtgcacttt gctggaagcg cgagttccgc aatcgcgggt gattaccggc 4740 aacctgatga tgcccggatt tactgcgcct aaattgctat gggttcagcg gcatgagccg 4800 gagatattcc gtcaaatcga caaagtatta ttaccgaaag attacttgcg tctgcgtatg 4860 acgggggagt ttgccagcga tatgtctgac gcagctggca ccatgtggct ggatgtcgca 4920 aagcgtgact ggagtgacgt catgctgcag gcttgcgact tatctcgtga ccagatgccc 4980 gcattatacg aaggcagcga aattactggt gctttgttac ctgaagttgc gaaagcgtgg 5040 ggtatggcga cggtgccagt tgtcgcaggc ggtggcgaca atgcagctgg tgcagttggt 5100 gtgggaatgg ttgatgctaa tcaggcaatg ttatcgctgg ggacgtcggg ggtctatttt 5160 gctgtcagcg aagggttctt aagcaagcca gaaagcgccg tacatagctt ttgccatgcg 5220 ctaccgcaac gttggcattt aatgtctgtg atgctgagtg cagcgtcgtg tctggattgg 5280 gccgcgaaat taaccggcct gagcaatgtc ccagctttaa tcgctgcagc tcaacaggct 5340 gatgaaagtg ccgagccagt ttggtttctg ccttatcttt ccggcgagcg tacgccacac 5400 aataatcccc aggcgaaggg ggttttcttt ggtttgactc atcaacatgg ccccaatgaa 5460 ctggcgcgag cagtgctgga aggcgtgggt tatgcgctgg cagatggcat ggatgtcgtg 5520 catgcctgcg gtattaaacc gcaaagtgtt acgttgattg ggggcggggc gcgtagtgag 5580 tactggcgtc agatgctggc ggatatcagc ggtcagcagc tcgattaccg tacggggggg 5640 gatgtggggc cagcactggg cgcagcaagg ctggcgcaga tcgcggcgaa tccagagaaa 5700 tcgctcattg aattgttgcc gcaactaccg ttagaacagt cgcatctacc agatgcgcag 5760 cgttatgccg cttatcagcc acgacgagaa acgttccgtc gcctctatca gcaacttctg 5820 ccattaatgg cgtaaaagct tgaggagaaa ttaaccatga agcaactcac cattctgggc 5880 tcgaccggct cgattggttg cagcacgctg gacgtggtgc gccataatcc cgaacacttc 5940 cgcgtagttg cgctggtggc aggcaaaaat gtcactcgca tggtagaaca gtgcctggaa 6000 ttctctcccc gctatgccgt aatggacgat gaagcgagtg cgaaacttct taaaacgatg 6060 ctacagcaac agggtagccg caccgaagtc ttaagtgggc aacaagccgc ttgcgatatg 6120 gcagcgcttg aggatgttga tcaggtgatg gcagccattg ttggcgctgc tgggctgtta 6180 cctacgcttg ctgcgatccg cgcgggtaaa accattttgc tggccaataa agaatcactg 6240 gttacctgcg gacgtctgtt tatggacgcc gtaaagcaga gcaaagcgca attgttaccg 6300 gtcgatagcg aacataacgc catttttcag agtttaccgc aacctatcca gcataatctg 6360 ggatacgctg accttgagca aaatggcgtg gtgtccattt tacttaccgg gtctggtggc 6420 cctttccgtg agacgccatt gcgcgatttg gcaacaatga cgccggatca agcctgccgt 6480 catccgaact ggtcgatggg gcgtaaaatt tctgtcgatt cggctaccat gatgaacaaa 6540 ggtctggaat acattgaagc gcgttggctg tttaacgcca gcgccagcca gatggaagtg 6600 ctgattcacc cgcagtcagt gattcactca atggtgcgct atcaggacgg cagtgttctg 6660 gcgcagctgg gggaaccgga tatgcgtacg ccaattgccc acaccatggc atggccgaat 6720 cgcgtgaact ctggcgtgaa gccgctcgat ttttgcaaac taagtgcgtt gacatttgcc 6780 gcaccggatt atgatcgtta tccatgcctg aaactggcga tggaggcgtt cgaacaaggc 6840 caggcagcga cgacagcatt gaatgccgca aacgaaatca ccgttgctgc ttttcttgcg 6900 caacaaatcc gctttacgga tatcgctgcg ttgaatttat ccgtactgga aaaaatggat 6960 atgcgcgaac cacaatgtgt ggacgatgtg ttatctgttg atgcgaacgc gcgtgaagtc 7020 gccagaaaag aggtgatgcg tctcgcaagc tgagtcgacg aggagaaatt aaccatggca 7080 accactcatt tggatgtttg cgccgtggtt ccggcggccg gatttggccg tcgaatgcaa 7140 acggaatgtc ctaagcaata tctctcaatc ggtaatcaaa ccattcttga acactcggtg 7200 catgcgctgc tggcgcatcc ccgggtgaaa cgtgtcgtca ttgccataag tcctggcgat 7260 agccgttttg cacaacttcc tctggcgaat catccgcaaa tcaccgttgt agatggcggt 7320 gatgagcgtg ccgattccgt gctggcaggt ctgaaagccg ctggcgacgc gcagtgggta 7380 ttggtgcatg acgccgctcg tccttgtttg catcaggatg acctcgcgcg attgttggcg 7440 ttgagcgaaa ccagccgcac gggggggatc ctcgccgcac cagtgcgcga tactatgaaa 7500 cgtgccgaac cgggcaaaaa tgccattgct cataccgttg atcgcaacgg cttatggcac 7560 gcgctgacgc cgcaattttt ccctcgtgag ctgttacatg actgtctgac gcgcgctcta 7620 aatgaaggcg cgactattac cgacgaagcc tcggcgctgg aatattgcgg attccatcct 7680 cagttggtcg aaggccgtgc ggataacatt aaagtcacgc gcccggaaga tttggcactg 7740 gccgagtttt acctcacccg aaccatccat caggagaata cataatgcga attggacacg 7800 gttttgacgt acatgccttt ggcggtgaag gcccaattat cattggtggc gtacgcattc 7860 cttacgaaaa aggattgctg gcgcattctg atggcgacgt ggcgctccat gcgttgaccg 7920 atgcattgct tggcgcggcg gcgctggggg atatcggcaa gctgttcccg gataccgatc 7980 cggcatttaa aggtgccgat agccgcgagc tgctacgcga agcctggcgt cgtattcagg 8040 cgaagggtta tacccttggc aacgtcgatg tcactatcat cgctcaggca ccgaagatgt 8100 tgccgcacat tccacaaatg cgcgtgttta ttgccgaaga tctcggctgc catatggatg 8160 atgttaacgt gaaagccact actacggaaa aactgggatt taccggacgt ggggaaggga 8220 ttgcctgtga agcggtggcg ctactcatta aggcaacaaa atgactcgag gaggagaaat 8280 taaccatgcg gacacagtgg ccctctccgg caaaacttaa tctgttttta tacattaccg 8340 gtcagcgtgc ggatggttac cacacgctgc aaacgctgtt tcagtttctt gattacggcg 8400 acaccatcag cattgagctt cgtgacgatg gggatattcg tctgttaacg cccgttgaag 8460 gcgtggaaca tgaagataac ctgatcgttc gcgcagcgcg attgttgatg aaaactgcgg 8520 cagacagcgg gcgtcttccg acgggaagcg gtgcgaatat cagcattgac aagcgtttgc 8580 cgatgggcgg cggtctcggc ggtggttcat ccaatgccgc gacggtcctg gtggcattaa 8640 atcatctctg gcaatgcggg ctaagcatgg atgagctggc ggaaatgggg ctgacgctgg 8700 gcgcagatgt tcctgtcttt gttcgggggc atgccgcgtt tgccgaaggc gttggtgaaa 8760 tactaacgcc ggtggatccg ccagagaagt ggtatctggt ggcgcaccct ggtgtaagta 8820 ttccgactcc ggtgattttt aaagatcctg aactcccgcg caatacgcca aaaaggtcaa 8880 tagaaacgtt gctaaaatgt gaattcagca atgattgcga ggttatcgca agaaaacgtt 8940 ttcgcgaggt tgatgcggtg ctttcctggc tgttagaata cgccccgtcg cgcctgactg 9000 ggacaggggc ctgtgtcttt gctgaatttg atacagagtc tgaagcccgc caggtgctag 9060 agcaagcccc ggaatggctc aatggctttg tggcgaaagg cgctaatctt tccccattgc 9120 acagagccat gctttaaggt acccaattcg ccctatagtg agtcgtatta cgcgcgctca 9180 ctggccgtcg ttttacaacg tcgtgactgg gaaaaccctg gcgttaccca acttaatcgc 9240 cttgcagcac atcccccttt cgccagctgg cgtaatagcg aagaggcccg caccgatcgc 9300 ccttcccaac agttgcgcag cctgaatggc gaatggaaat tgtaagcgtt aatattttgt 9360 taaaattcgc gttaaatttt tgttaaatca gctcattttt taaccaatag gccgaaatcg 9420 gcaaaatccc ttataaatca aaagaataga ccgagatagg gttgagtgtt gttccagttt 9480 ggaacaagag tccactatta aagaacgtgg actccaacgt caaagggcga aaaaccgtct 9540 atcagggcga tggcccacta cgtgaaccat caccctaatc aagttttttg gggtcgaggt 9600 gccgtaaagc actaaatcgg aaccctaaag ggagcccccg atttagagct tgacggggaa 9660 agccggcgaa cgtggcgaga aaggaaggga agaaagcgaa aggagcgggc gctagggcgc 9720 tggcaagtgt agcggtcacg ctgcgcgtaa ccaccacacc cgccgcgctt aatgcgccgc 9780 tacagggcgc gtcag 9795 54 1986 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (1)..(1983) 54 aag acg gtg aga agg aag act cgt act gtt atg gtt gga aat gtc gcc 48 Lys Thr Val Arg Arg Lys Thr Arg Thr Val Met Val Gly Asn Val Ala 1 5 10 15 ctt gga agc gaa cat ccg ata agg att caa acg atg act act tcg gat 96 Leu Gly Ser Glu His Pro Ile Arg Ile Gln Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Asp 20 25 30 aca aaa gat att act gga act gtt gat gag gtt atg aga ata gcg gat 144 Thr Lys Asp Ile Thr Gly Thr Val Asp Glu Val Met Arg Ile Ala Asp 35 40 45 aaa gga gct gat att gta agg ata act gtt caa ggg aag aaa gag gcg 192 Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Val Arg Ile Thr Val Gln Gly Lys Lys Glu Ala 50 55 60 gat gcg tgc ttt gaa ata aaa gat aaa ctc gtt cag ctt aat tac aat 240 Asp Ala Cys Phe Glu Ile Lys Asp Lys Leu Val Gln Leu Asn Tyr Asn 65 70 75 80 aca ccg ctg gtt gca ggt att cat ttt gcc cct act gta gcc tta cga 288 Thr Pro Leu Val Ala Gly Ile His Phe Ala Pro Thr Val Ala Leu Arg 85 90 95 gtc gct gaa tgc ttt gac aag atc cgt gtc aac ccc gga aat ttt gcg 336 Val Ala Glu Cys Phe Asp Lys Ile Arg Val Asn Pro Gly Asn Phe Ala 100 105 110 gac agg cgg gcc cag ttt gag acg ata gat tat aca gaa gat gaa tat 384 Asp Arg Arg Ala Gln Phe Glu Thr Ile Asp Tyr Thr Glu Asp Glu Tyr 115 120 125 cag aaa gaa ctc cag cat atc gag cag gtc ttc act cct ttg gtt gag 432 Gln Lys Glu Leu Gln His Ile Glu Gln Val Phe Thr Pro Leu Val Glu 130 135 140 aaa tgc aaa aag tac ggg aga gca atg cgt att ggg aca aat cat gga 480 Lys Cys Lys Lys Tyr Gly Arg Ala Met Arg Ile Gly Thr Asn His Gly 145 150 155 160 agt ctt tct gac cgt atc atg agc tat tac ggg gat tct ccc cga gga 528 Ser Leu Ser Asp Arg Ile Met Ser Tyr Tyr Gly Asp Ser Pro Arg Gly 165 170 175 atg gtt gaa tct gcg ttt gag ttt gca aga ata tgt cgg aaa tta gac 576 Met Val Glu Ser Ala Phe Glu Phe Ala Arg Ile Cys Arg Lys Leu Asp 180 185 190 tat cac aac ttt gtt ttc tca atg aaa gcg agc aac cca gtg atc atg 624 Tyr His Asn Phe Val Phe Ser Met Lys Ala Ser Asn Pro Val Ile Met 195 200 205 gtc cag gcg tac cgt tta ctt gtg gct gag atg tat gtt cat gga tgg 672 Val Gln Ala Tyr Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Glu Met Tyr Val His Gly Trp 210 215 220 gat tat cct ttg cat ttg gga gtt act gag gca gga gaa ggc gaa gat 720 Asp Tyr Pro Leu His Leu Gly Val Thr Glu Ala Gly Glu Gly Glu Asp 225 230 235 240 gga cgg atg aaa tct gcg att gga att ggg acg ctt ctt cag gac ggg 768 Gly Arg Met Lys Ser Ala Ile Gly Ile Gly Thr Leu Leu Gln Asp Gly 245 250 255 ctc ggt gac aca aca aga gtt tca ctg acg gag cca cca gaa gag gag 816 Leu Gly Asp Thr Thr Arg Val Ser Leu Thr Glu Pro Pro Glu Glu Glu 260 265 270 ata gat ccc tgc agg cga ttg gct aac ctc ggg aca aaa gct gcc aaa 864 Ile Asp Pro Cys Arg Arg Leu Ala Asn Leu Gly Thr Lys Ala Ala Lys 275 280 285 ctt caa caa ggc gct gca ccg ttt gaa gaa aag cat agg cat tac ttt 912 Leu Gln Gln Gly Ala Ala Pro Phe Glu Glu Lys His Arg His Tyr Phe 290 295 300 gat ttt cag cgt cgg acg ggt gat cta cct gta caa aaa gag gga gaa 960 Asp Phe Gln Arg Arg Thr Gly Asp Leu Pro Val Gln Lys Glu Gly Glu 305 310 315 320 gag gtt gat tac aga aat gtc ctt cac cgt gat ggt tct gtt ctg atg 1008 Glu Val Asp Tyr Arg Asn Val Leu His Arg Asp Gly Ser Val Leu Met 325 330 335 tcg att tct ctg gat caa cta aag gca cct gaa ctc ctc tac aga tca 1056 Ser Ile Ser Leu Asp Gln Leu Lys Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Tyr Arg Ser 340 345 350 ctc gcc aca aag ctt gtc gtg ggt atg cca ttc aag gat ctg gca act 1104 Leu Ala Thr Lys Leu Val Val Gly Met Pro Phe Lys Asp Leu Ala Thr 355 360 365 gtt gat tca atc tta tta aga gag cta ccg cct gta gat gat caa gtg 1152 Val Asp Ser Ile Leu Leu Arg Glu Leu Pro Pro Val Asp Asp Gln Val 370 375 380 gct cgt ttg gct ctc aaa cgg ttg att gat gtc agt atg gga gtt ata 1200 Ala Arg Leu Ala Leu Lys Arg Leu Ile Asp Val Ser Met Gly Val Ile 385 390 395 400 gca cct tta tca gag caa cta aca aag cca ttg ccc aat gcc atg gtt 1248 Ala Pro Leu Ser Glu Gln Leu Thr Lys Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Met Val 405 410 415 ctt gtc aac ctc aag gaa cta tct ggt ggc gct tac aag ctt ctc cct 1296 Leu Val Asn Leu Lys Glu Leu Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Lys Leu Leu Pro 420 425 430 gaa ggt aca cgc ttg gtt gtc tct cta cga ggc gat gag cct tac gag 1344 Glu Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Val Ser Leu Arg Gly Asp Glu Pro Tyr Glu 435 440 445 gag ctt gaa ata ctc aaa aac att gat gct act atg att ctc cat gat 1392 Glu Leu Glu Ile Leu Lys Asn Ile Asp Ala Thr Met Ile Leu His Asp 450 455 460 gta cct ttc act gaa gac aaa gtt agc aga gta cat gca gct cgg agg 1440 Val Pro Phe Thr Glu Asp Lys Val Ser Arg Val His Ala Ala Arg Arg 465 470 475 480 cta ttc gag ttc tta tcc gag aat tca gtt aac ttt cct gtt att cat 1488 Leu Phe Glu Phe Leu Ser Glu Asn Ser Val Asn Phe Pro Val Ile His 485 490 495 cgc ata aac ttc cca acc gga atc cac aga gac gaa ttg gtg att cat 1536 Arg Ile Asn Phe Pro Thr Gly Ile His Arg Asp Glu Leu Val Ile His 500 505 510 gca ggg aca tat gct gga ggc ctt ctt gtg gat gga cta ggt gat ggc 1584 Ala Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Val Asp Gly Leu Gly Asp Gly 515 520 525 gta atg ctc gaa gca cct gac caa gat ttt gat ttt ctt agg aat act 1632 Val Met Leu Glu Ala Pro Asp Gln Asp Phe Asp Phe Leu Arg Asn Thr 530 535 540 tcc ttc aac tta tta caa gga tgc aga atg cgt aac act aag acg gaa 1680 Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu Gln Gly Cys Arg Met Arg Asn Thr Lys Thr Glu 545 550 555 560 tat gta tcg tgc ccg tct tgt gga aga acg ctt ttc gac ttg caa gaa 1728 Tyr Val Ser Cys Pro Ser Cys Gly Arg Thr Leu Phe Asp Leu Gln Glu 565 570 575 atc agc gcc gag atc cga gaa aag act tcc cat tta cct ggc gtt tcg 1776 Ile Ser Ala Glu Ile Arg Glu Lys Thr Ser His Leu Pro Gly Val Ser 580 585 590 atc gca atc atg gga tgc att gtg aat gga cca gga gaa atg gca gat 1824 Ile Ala Ile Met Gly Cys Ile Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Met Ala Asp 595 600 605 gct gat ttc gga tat gta ggt ggt tct ccc gga aaa atc gac ctt tat 1872 Ala Asp Phe Gly Tyr Val Gly Gly Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Asp Leu Tyr 610 615 620 gtc gga aag acg gtg gtg aag cgt ggg ata gct atg acg gag gca aca 1920 Val Gly Lys Thr Val Val Lys Arg Gly Ile Ala Met Thr Glu Ala Thr 625 630 635 640 gat gct ctg atc ggt ctg atc aaa gaa cat ggt cgt tgg gtc gac ccg 1968 Asp Ala Leu Ile Gly Leu Ile Lys Glu His Gly Arg Trp Val Asp Pro 645 650 655 ccc gtg gct gat gag tag 1986 Pro Val Ala Asp Glu 660 55 661 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 55 Lys Thr Val Arg Arg Lys Thr Arg Thr Val Met Val Gly Asn Val Ala 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Ser Glu His Pro Ile Arg Ile Gln Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Asp 20 25 30 Thr Lys Asp Ile Thr Gly Thr Val Asp Glu Val Met Arg Ile Ala Asp 35 40 45 Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Val Arg Ile Thr Val Gln Gly Lys Lys Glu Ala 50 55 60 Asp Ala Cys Phe Glu Ile Lys Asp Lys Leu Val Gln Leu Asn Tyr Asn 65 70 75 80 Thr Pro Leu Val Ala Gly Ile His Phe Ala Pro Thr Val Ala Leu Arg 85 90 95 Val Ala Glu Cys Phe Asp Lys Ile Arg Val Asn Pro Gly Asn Phe Ala 100 105 110 Asp Arg Arg Ala Gln Phe Glu Thr Ile Asp Tyr Thr Glu Asp Glu Tyr 115 120 125 Gln Lys Glu Leu Gln His Ile Glu Gln Val Phe Thr Pro Leu Val Glu 130 135 140 Lys Cys Lys Lys Tyr Gly Arg Ala Met Arg Ile Gly Thr Asn His Gly 145 150 155 160 Ser Leu Ser Asp Arg Ile Met Ser Tyr Tyr Gly Asp Ser Pro Arg Gly 165 170 175 Met Val Glu Ser Ala Phe Glu Phe Ala Arg Ile Cys Arg Lys Leu Asp 180 185 190 Tyr His Asn Phe Val Phe Ser Met Lys Ala Ser Asn Pro Val Ile Met 195 200 205 Val Gln Ala Tyr Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Glu Met Tyr Val His Gly Trp 210 215 220 Asp Tyr Pro Leu His Leu Gly Val Thr Glu Ala Gly Glu Gly Glu Asp 225 230 235 240 Gly Arg Met Lys Ser Ala Ile Gly Ile Gly Thr Leu Leu Gln Asp Gly 245 250 255 Leu Gly Asp Thr Thr Arg Val Ser Leu Thr Glu Pro Pro Glu Glu Glu 260 265 270 Ile Asp Pro Cys Arg Arg Leu Ala Asn Leu Gly Thr Lys Ala Ala Lys 275 280 285 Leu Gln Gln Gly Ala Ala Pro Phe Glu Glu Lys His Arg His Tyr Phe 290 295 300 Asp Phe Gln Arg Arg Thr Gly Asp Leu Pro Val Gln Lys Glu Gly Glu 305 310 315 320 Glu Val Asp Tyr Arg Asn Val Leu His Arg Asp Gly Ser Val Leu Met 325 330 335 Ser Ile Ser Leu Asp Gln Leu Lys Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Tyr Arg Ser 340 345 350 Leu Ala Thr Lys Leu Val Val Gly Met Pro Phe Lys Asp Leu Ala Thr 355 360 365 Val Asp Ser Ile Leu Leu Arg Glu Leu Pro Pro Val Asp Asp Gln Val 370 375 380 Ala Arg Leu Ala Leu Lys Arg Leu Ile Asp Val Ser Met Gly Val Ile 385 390 395 400 Ala Pro Leu Ser Glu Gln Leu Thr Lys Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Met Val 405 410 415 Leu Val Asn Leu Lys Glu Leu Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Lys Leu Leu Pro 420 425 430 Glu Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Val Ser Leu Arg Gly Asp Glu Pro Tyr Glu 435 440 445 Glu Leu Glu Ile Leu Lys Asn Ile Asp Ala Thr Met Ile Leu His Asp 450 455 460 Val Pro Phe Thr Glu Asp Lys Val Ser Arg Val His Ala Ala Arg Arg 465 470 475 480 Leu Phe Glu Phe Leu Ser Glu Asn Ser Val Asn Phe Pro Val Ile His 485 490 495 Arg Ile Asn Phe Pro Thr Gly Ile His Arg Asp Glu Leu Val Ile His 500 505 510 Ala Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Val Asp Gly Leu Gly Asp Gly 515 520 525 Val Met Leu Glu Ala Pro Asp Gln Asp Phe Asp Phe Leu Arg Asn Thr 530 535 540 Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu Gln Gly Cys Arg Met Arg Asn Thr Lys Thr Glu 545 550 555 560 Tyr Val Ser Cys Pro Ser Cys Gly Arg Thr Leu Phe Asp Leu Gln Glu 565 570 575 Ile Ser Ala Glu Ile Arg Glu Lys Thr Ser His Leu Pro Gly Val Ser 580 585 590 Ile Ala Ile Met Gly Cys Ile Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Met Ala Asp 595 600 605 Ala Asp Phe Gly Tyr Val Gly Gly Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Asp Leu Tyr 610 615 620 Val Gly Lys Thr Val Val Lys Arg Gly Ile Ala Met Thr Glu Ala Thr 625 630 635 640 Asp Ala Leu Ile Gly Leu Ile Lys Glu His Gly Arg Trp Val Asp Pro 645 650 655 Pro Val Ala Asp Glu 660 56 2226 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (1)..(2223) 56 atg gcg act gga gta ttg cca gct ccg gtt tct ggg atc aag ata ccg 48 Met Ala Thr Gly Val Leu Pro Ala Pro Val Ser Gly Ile Lys Ile Pro 1 5 10 15 gat tcg aaa gtc ggg ttt ggt aaa agc atg aat ctt gtg aga att tgt 96 Asp Ser Lys Val Gly Phe Gly Lys Ser Met Asn Leu Val Arg Ile Cys 20 25 30 gat gtt agg agt cta aga tct gct agg aga aga gtt tcg gtt atc cgg 144 Asp Val Arg Ser Leu Arg Ser Ala Arg Arg Arg Val Ser Val Ile Arg 35 40 45 aat tca aac caa ggc tct gat tta gct gag ctt caa cct gca tcc gaa 192 Asn Ser Asn Gln Gly Ser Asp Leu Ala Glu Leu Gln Pro Ala Ser Glu 50 55 60 gga agc cct ctc tta gtg cca aga cag aaa tat tgt gaa tca ttg cat 240 Gly Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Pro Arg Gln Lys Tyr Cys Glu Ser Leu His 65 70 75 80 aag acg gtg aga agg aag act cgt act gtt atg gtt gga aat gtc gcc 288 Lys Thr Val Arg Arg Lys Thr Arg Thr Val Met Val Gly Asn Val Ala 85 90 95 ctt gga agc gaa cat ccg ata agg att caa acg atg act act tcg gat 336 Leu Gly Ser Glu His Pro Ile Arg Ile Gln Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Asp 100 105 110 aca aaa gat att act gga act gtt gat gag gtt atg aga ata gcg gat 384 Thr Lys Asp Ile Thr Gly Thr Val Asp Glu Val Met Arg Ile Ala Asp 115 120 125 aaa gga gct gat att gta agg ata act gtt caa ggg aag aaa gag gcg 432 Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Val Arg Ile Thr Val Gln Gly Lys Lys Glu Ala 130 135 140 gat gcg tgc ttt gaa ata aaa gat aaa ctc gtt cag ctt aat tac aat 480 Asp Ala Cys Phe Glu Ile Lys Asp Lys Leu Val Gln Leu Asn Tyr Asn 145 150 155 160 aca ccg ctg gtt gca ggt att cat ttt gcc cct act gta gcc tta cga 528 Thr Pro Leu Val Ala Gly Ile His Phe Ala Pro Thr Val Ala Leu Arg 165 170 175 gtc gct gaa tgc ttt gac aag atc cgt gtc aac ccc gga aat ttt gcg 576 Val Ala Glu Cys Phe Asp Lys Ile Arg Val Asn Pro Gly Asn Phe Ala 180 185 190 gac agg cgg gcc cag ttt gag acg ata gat tat aca gaa gat gaa tat 624 Asp Arg Arg Ala Gln Phe Glu Thr Ile Asp Tyr Thr Glu Asp Glu Tyr 195 200 205 cag aaa gaa ctc cag cat atc gag cag gtc ttc act cct ttg gtt gag 672 Gln Lys Glu Leu Gln His Ile Glu Gln Val Phe Thr Pro Leu Val Glu 210 215 220 aaa tgc aaa aag tac ggg aga gca atg cgt att ggg aca aat cat gga 720 Lys Cys Lys Lys Tyr Gly Arg Ala Met Arg Ile Gly Thr Asn His Gly 225 230 235 240 agt ctt tct gac cgt atc atg agc tat tac ggg gat tct ccc cga gga 768 Ser Leu Ser Asp Arg Ile Met Ser Tyr Tyr Gly Asp Ser Pro Arg Gly 245 250 255 atg gtt gaa tct gcg ttt gag ttt gca aga ata tgt cgg aaa tta gac 816 Met Val Glu Ser Ala Phe Glu Phe Ala Arg Ile Cys Arg Lys Leu Asp 260 265 270 tat cac aac ttt gtt ttc tca atg aaa gcg agc aac cca gtg atc atg 864 Tyr His Asn Phe Val Phe Ser Met Lys Ala Ser Asn Pro Val Ile Met 275 280 285 gtc cag gcg tac cgt tta ctt gtg gct gag atg tat gtt cat gga tgg 912 Val Gln Ala Tyr Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Glu Met Tyr Val His Gly Trp 290 295 300 gat tat cct ttg cat ttg gga gtt act gag gca gga gaa ggc gaa gat 960 Asp Tyr Pro Leu His Leu Gly Val Thr Glu Ala Gly Glu Gly Glu Asp 305 310 315 320 gga cgg atg aaa tct gcg att gga att ggg acg ctt ctt cag gac ggg 1008 Gly Arg Met Lys Ser Ala Ile Gly Ile Gly Thr Leu Leu Gln Asp Gly 325 330 335 ctc ggt gac aca aca aga gtt tca ctg acg gag cca cca gaa gag gag 1056 Leu Gly Asp Thr Thr Arg Val Ser Leu Thr Glu Pro Pro Glu Glu Glu 340 345 350 ata gat ccc tgc agg cga ttg gct aac ctc ggg aca aaa gct gcc aaa 1104 Ile Asp Pro Cys Arg Arg Leu Ala Asn Leu Gly Thr Lys Ala Ala Lys 355 360 365 ctt caa caa ggc gct gca ccg ttt gaa gaa aag cat agg cat tac ttt 1152 Leu Gln Gln Gly Ala Ala Pro Phe Glu Glu Lys His Arg His Tyr Phe 370 375 380 gat ttt cag cgt cgg acg ggt gat cta cct gta caa aaa gag gga gaa 1200 Asp Phe Gln Arg Arg Thr Gly Asp Leu Pro Val Gln Lys Glu Gly Glu 385 390 395 400 gag gtt gat tac aga aat gtc ctt cac cgt gat ggt tct gtt ctg atg 1248 Glu Val Asp Tyr Arg Asn Val Leu His Arg Asp Gly Ser Val Leu Met 405 410 415 tcg att tct ctg gat caa cta aag gca cct gaa ctc ctc tac aga tca 1296 Ser Ile Ser Leu Asp Gln Leu Lys Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Tyr Arg Ser 420 425 430 ctc gcc aca aag ctt gtc gtg ggt atg cca ttc aag gat ctg gca act 1344 Leu Ala Thr Lys Leu Val Val Gly Met Pro Phe Lys Asp Leu Ala Thr 435 440 445 gtt gat tca atc tta tta aga gag cta ccg cct gta gat gat caa gtg 1392 Val Asp Ser Ile Leu Leu Arg Glu Leu Pro Pro Val Asp Asp Gln Val 450 455 460 gct cgt ttg gct ctc aaa cgg ttg att gat gtc agt atg gga gtt ata 1440 Ala Arg Leu Ala Leu Lys Arg Leu Ile Asp Val Ser Met Gly Val Ile 465 470 475 480 gca cct tta tca gag caa cta aca aag cca ttg ccc aat gcc atg gtt 1488 Ala Pro Leu Ser Glu Gln Leu Thr Lys Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Met Val 485 490 495 ctt gtc aac ctc aag gaa cta tct ggt ggc gct tac aag ctt ctc cct 1536 Leu Val Asn Leu Lys Glu Leu Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Lys Leu Leu Pro 500 505 510 gaa ggt aca cgc ttg gtt gtc tct cta cga ggc gat gag cct tac gag 1584 Glu Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Val Ser Leu Arg Gly Asp Glu Pro Tyr Glu 515 520 525 gag ctt gaa ata ctc aaa aac att gat gct act atg att ctc cat gat 1632 Glu Leu Glu Ile Leu Lys Asn Ile Asp Ala Thr Met Ile Leu His Asp 530 535 540 gta cct ttc act gaa gac aaa gtt agc aga gta cat gca gct cgg agg 1680 Val Pro Phe Thr Glu Asp Lys Val Ser Arg Val His Ala Ala Arg Arg 545 550 555 560 cta ttc gag ttc tta tcc gag aat tca gtt aac ttt cct gtt att cat 1728 Leu Phe Glu Phe Leu Ser Glu Asn Ser Val Asn Phe Pro Val Ile His 565 570 575 cgc ata aac ttc cca acc gga atc cac aga gac gaa ttg gtg att cat 1776 Arg Ile Asn Phe Pro Thr Gly Ile His Arg Asp Glu Leu Val Ile His 580 585 590 gca ggg aca tat gct gga ggc ctt ctt gtg gat gga cta ggt gat ggc 1824 Ala Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Val Asp Gly Leu Gly Asp Gly 595 600 605 gta atg ctc gaa gca cct gac caa gat ttt gat ttt ctt agg aat act 1872 Val Met Leu Glu Ala Pro Asp Gln Asp Phe Asp Phe Leu Arg Asn Thr 610 615 620 tcc ttc aac tta tta caa gga tgc aga atg cgt aac act aag acg gaa 1920 Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu Gln Gly Cys Arg Met Arg Asn Thr Lys Thr Glu 625 630 635 640 tat gta tcg tgc ccg tct tgt gga aga acg ctt ttc gac ttg caa gaa 1968 Tyr Val Ser Cys Pro Ser Cys Gly Arg Thr Leu Phe Asp Leu Gln Glu 645 650 655 atc agc gcc gag atc cga gaa aag act tcc cat tta cct ggc gtt tcg 2016 Ile Ser Ala Glu Ile Arg Glu Lys Thr Ser His Leu Pro Gly Val Ser 660 665 670 atc gca atc atg gga tgc att gtg aat gga cca gga gaa atg gca gat 2064 Ile Ala Ile Met Gly Cys Ile Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Met Ala Asp 675 680 685 gct gat ttc gga tat gta ggt ggt tct ccc gga aaa atc gac ctt tat 2112 Ala Asp Phe Gly Tyr Val Gly Gly Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Asp Leu Tyr 690 695 700 gtc gga aag acg gtg gtg aag cgt ggg ata gct atg acg gag gca aca 2160 Val Gly Lys Thr Val Val Lys Arg Gly Ile Ala Met Thr Glu Ala Thr 705 710 715 720 gat gct ctg atc ggt ctg atc aaa gaa cat ggt cgt tgg gtc gac ccg 2208 Asp Ala Leu Ile Gly Leu Ile Lys Glu His Gly Arg Trp Val Asp Pro 725 730 735 ccc gtg gct gat gag tag 2226 Pro Val Ala Asp Glu 740 57 741 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 57 Met Ala Thr Gly Val Leu Pro Ala Pro Val Ser Gly Ile Lys Ile Pro 1 5 10 15 Asp Ser Lys Val Gly Phe Gly Lys Ser Met Asn Leu Val Arg Ile Cys 20 25 30 Asp Val Arg Ser Leu Arg Ser Ala Arg Arg Arg Val Ser Val Ile Arg 35 40 45 Asn Ser Asn Gln Gly Ser Asp Leu Ala Glu Leu Gln Pro Ala Ser Glu 50 55 60 Gly Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Pro Arg Gln Lys Tyr Cys Glu Ser Leu His 65 70 75 80 Lys Thr Val Arg Arg Lys Thr Arg Thr Val Met Val Gly Asn Val Ala 85 90 95 Leu Gly Ser Glu His Pro Ile Arg Ile Gln Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Asp 100 105 110 Thr Lys Asp Ile Thr Gly Thr Val Asp Glu Val Met Arg Ile Ala Asp 115 120 125 Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Val Arg Ile Thr Val Gln Gly Lys Lys Glu Ala 130 135 140 Asp Ala Cys Phe Glu Ile Lys Asp Lys Leu Val Gln Leu Asn Tyr Asn 145 150 155 160 Thr Pro Leu Val Ala Gly Ile His Phe Ala Pro Thr Val Ala Leu Arg 165 170 175 Val Ala Glu Cys Phe Asp Lys Ile Arg Val Asn Pro Gly Asn Phe Ala 180 185 190 Asp Arg Arg Ala Gln Phe Glu Thr Ile Asp Tyr Thr Glu Asp Glu Tyr 195 200 205 Gln Lys Glu Leu Gln His Ile Glu Gln Val Phe Thr Pro Leu Val Glu 210 215 220 Lys Cys Lys Lys Tyr Gly Arg Ala Met Arg Ile Gly Thr Asn His Gly 225 230 235 240 Ser Leu Ser Asp Arg Ile Met Ser Tyr Tyr Gly Asp Ser Pro Arg Gly 245 250 255 Met Val Glu Ser Ala Phe Glu Phe Ala Arg Ile Cys Arg Lys Leu Asp 260 265 270 Tyr His Asn Phe Val Phe Ser Met Lys Ala Ser Asn Pro Val Ile Met 275 280 285 Val Gln Ala Tyr Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Glu Met Tyr Val His Gly Trp 290 295 300 Asp Tyr Pro Leu His Leu Gly Val Thr Glu Ala Gly Glu Gly Glu Asp 305 310 315 320 Gly Arg Met Lys Ser Ala Ile Gly Ile Gly Thr Leu Leu Gln Asp Gly 325 330 335 Leu Gly Asp Thr Thr Arg Val Ser Leu Thr Glu Pro Pro Glu Glu Glu 340 345 350 Ile Asp Pro Cys Arg Arg Leu Ala Asn Leu Gly Thr Lys Ala Ala Lys 355 360 365 Leu Gln Gln Gly Ala Ala Pro Phe Glu Glu Lys His Arg His Tyr Phe 370 375 380 Asp Phe Gln Arg Arg Thr Gly Asp Leu Pro Val Gln Lys Glu Gly Glu 385 390 395 400 Glu Val Asp Tyr Arg Asn Val Leu His Arg Asp Gly Ser Val Leu Met 405 410 415 Ser Ile Ser Leu Asp Gln Leu Lys Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Tyr Arg Ser 420 425 430 Leu Ala Thr Lys Leu Val Val Gly Met Pro Phe Lys Asp Leu Ala Thr 435 440 445 Val Asp Ser Ile Leu Leu Arg Glu Leu Pro Pro Val Asp Asp Gln Val 450 455 460 Ala Arg Leu Ala Leu Lys Arg Leu Ile Asp Val Ser Met Gly Val Ile 465 470 475 480 Ala Pro Leu Ser Glu Gln Leu Thr Lys Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Met Val 485 490 495 Leu Val Asn Leu Lys Glu Leu Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Lys Leu Leu Pro 500 505 510 Glu Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Val Ser Leu Arg Gly Asp Glu Pro Tyr Glu 515 520 525 Glu Leu Glu Ile Leu Lys Asn Ile Asp Ala Thr Met Ile Leu His Asp 530 535 540 Val Pro Phe Thr Glu Asp Lys Val Ser Arg Val His Ala Ala Arg Arg 545 550 555 560 Leu Phe Glu Phe Leu Ser Glu Asn Ser Val Asn Phe Pro Val Ile His 565 570 575 Arg Ile Asn Phe Pro Thr Gly Ile His Arg Asp Glu Leu Val Ile His 580 585 590 Ala Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gly Leu Leu Val Asp Gly Leu Gly Asp Gly 595 600 605 Val Met Leu Glu Ala Pro Asp Gln Asp Phe Asp Phe Leu Arg Asn Thr 610 615 620 Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu Gln Gly Cys Arg Met Arg Asn Thr Lys Thr Glu 625 630 635 640 Tyr Val Ser Cys Pro Ser Cys Gly Arg Thr Leu Phe Asp Leu Gln Glu 645 650 655 Ile Ser Ala Glu Ile Arg Glu Lys Thr Ser His Leu Pro Gly Val Ser 660 665 670 Ile Ala Ile Met Gly Cys Ile Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Met Ala Asp 675 680 685 Ala Asp Phe Gly Tyr Val Gly Gly Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Asp Leu Tyr 690 695 700 Val Gly Lys Thr Val Val Lys Arg Gly Ile Ala Met Thr Glu Ala Thr 705 710 715 720 Asp Ala Leu Ile Gly Leu Ile Lys Glu His Gly Arg Trp Val Asp Pro 725 730 735 Pro Val Ala Asp Glu 740 58 1401 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 58 atggctgttg cgctccaatt cagccgatta tgcgttcgac cggatacttt cgtgcgggag 60 aatcatctct ctggatccgg atctctccgc cgccggaaag ctttatcagt ccggtgctcg 120 tctggcgatg agaacgctcc ttcgccatcg gtggtgatgg actccgattt cgacgccaag 180 gtgttccgta agaacttgac gagaagcgat aattacaatc gtaaagggtt cggtcataag 240 gaggagacac tcaagctcat gaatcgagag tacaccagtg atatattgga gacactgaaa 300 acaaatgggt atacttattc ttggggagat gttactgtga aactcgctaa agcatatggt 360 ttttgctggg gtgttgagcg tgctgttcag attgcatatg aagcacgaaa gcagtttcca 420 gaggagaggc tttggattac taacgaaatc attcataacc cgaccgtcaa taagaggttg 480 gaagatatgg atgttaaaat tattccggtt gaggattcaa agaaacagtt tgatgtagta 540 gagaaagatg atgtggttat ccttcctgcg tttggagctg gtgttgacga gatgtatgtt 600 cttaatgata aaaaggtgca aattgttgac acgacttgtc cttgggtgac aaaggtctgg 660 aacacggttg agaagcacaa gaagggggaa tacacatcag taatccatgg taaatataat 720 catgaagaga cgattgcaac tgcgtctttt gcaggaaagt acatcattgt aaagaacatg 780 aaagaggcaa attacgtttg tgattacatt ctcggtggcc aatacgatgg atctagctcc 840 acaaaagagg agttcatgga gaaattcaaa tacgcaattt cgaagggttt cgatcccgac 900 aatgaccttg tcaaagttgg tattgcaaac caaacaacga tgctaaaggg agaaacagag 960 gagataggaa gattactcga gacaacaatg atgcgcaagt atggagtgga aaatgtaagc 1020 ggacatttca tcagcttcaa cacaatatgc gacgctactc aagagcgaca agacgcaatc 1080 tatgagctag tggaagagaa gattgacctc atgctagtgg ttggcggatg gaattcaagt 1140 aacacctctc accttcagga aatctcagag gcacggggaa tcccatctta ctggatcgat 1200 agtgagaaac ggataggacc tgggaataaa atagcctata agctccacta tggagaactg 1260 gtcgagaagg aaaactttct cccaaaggga ccaataacaa tcggtgtgac atcaggtgca 1320 tcaaccccgg ataaggtcgt ggaagatgct ttggtgaagg tgttcgacat taaacgtgaa 1380 gagttattgc agctggcttg a 1401 

1. A protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate notably in its (E)-form.
 2. The protein according to claim 1, wherein it is functional for said conversion in the presence of NADH and/or NADPH.
 3. The protein according to claim 2, wherein it is functional for said conversion in the presence of Co²⁺.
 4. The protein according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein it has a sequence encoded by the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence.
 5. A protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 6. The protein according to claim 5, wherein it is in a form functional for said conversion in the presence of FAD and NAD(P)H.
 7. The protein according to claim 6, wherein it is in a form functional for said conversion in the presence of a metal ion selected from the group of manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel ion.
 8. The protein according to one of claims 5 to 7, wherein it has a sequence encoded by the ispH (formerly lytB) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence.
 9. The protein according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein it is a plant protein, notably from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 10. The protein according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein it is a bacterial protein, notably from E. coli.
 11. The protein according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein it is a protozoal protein, notably from Plasmodium falciparum.
 12. Purified isolated nucleic acid encoding the protein according to one of claims 1 to 4 and/or the protein according to one of claim 5 to 8 with or without introns.
 13. A DNA expression vector containing the sequence of the nucleic acid according to claim
 12. 14. Use of a protein according to one of claims 1 to 11 for screening a chemical library for an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of isoprenoids.
 15. Cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof recombinantly endowed with the sequence of the nucleic acid according to claim 12 or with the vector according to claim 13, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial, protozoal, fungal, plant, insect and mammalian cells.
 16. Cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof according to claim 15, wherein it is recombinantly endowed with a vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein according to one of claims 1 to 4 and/or a protein according to one of claims 5 to 8, and wherein said cell is optionally further endowed with at least one gene selected from the following group: dxs, dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 17. Cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of formation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.
 18. Cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.
 19. Cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 15 transformed or transfected for an increased expression level of the protein of one of claims 1 to 4 and/or the protein of one of claims 5 to 8 compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.
 20. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 15 or 16, characterized by the recombinant endowment with sets of genes as follows: ispC (formerly dxr), ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE); or ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH (formerly lytB); or dxs, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG; or dxs, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH; or dxs, ispC, ispG, or dxs, ispC, ispG, ispH of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof and/or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 21. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 20, characterized by further recombinant endowment(s) with gene(s) being functional for biosynthetic steps downstream from the C5 isoprenoids.
 22. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with one of claims 15 to 21, wherein at least one gene of said recombinant endowments is equipped with artificial ribosomal binding site(s) for expression of the corresponding gene product(s) at a rate enhanced compared to the rate in the absence of the artificial ribosomal binding site(s).
 23. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with one of claims 15 to 22, wherein at least one of said recombinant endowments is due to a high copy replication vector.
 24. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with one of claims 15 to 23, wherein they are of bacterial, protozoal, fungal, plant or animal origin.
 25. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms, or parts thereof in accordance with one of claims 15 to 24 or disruption products thereof for the enhanced rate of in vivo formation or for the efficient in vitro production of an, optionally isotopically labelled, biosynthetic intermediate or product of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, optionally by feeding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose or glucose that may be isotopically labelled.
 26. Use according to claim 25, wherein said intermediate or product is a C5-isoprenoid intermediate compound; or a >C5-isoprenoid compound; or a terpenoid compound.
 27. Use according to one of claims 25 or 26, wherein the rate of formation or production is enhanced by providing a source for CTP.
 28. Use according to claim 27, wherein the source for CTP is cytidine and/or uridine and/or cytosine and/or uracil and/or ribose and and/or ribose 5-phosphate and/or any biosynthetic precursor of CTP.
 29. Use according to one of claims 25 to 28, wherein the rate of formation or production is enhanced by providing a source for phosphorylation enhancement.
 30. Use according to claim 29, wherein the source for phosphorylation enhancement is glycerol 3-phosphate and/or phosphoenolpyruvate and/or inorganic phosphate. and/or inorganic pyrophosphate and/or any organic phosphate or pyrophosphate.
 31. Use according to one of claims 25 to 30, wherein the rate of formation or production is enhanced by providing a source for reduction equivalents.
 32. Use according to claim 31, wherein the source for reduction equivalents is succinate and/or lipids and/or glucose and/or glycerol and/or lactate.
 33. Optionally isotope-labelled compound of the following formula I or a salt thereof:

whereby R¹ and R² are different from each other and one of R¹ and R² is hydrogen and the other is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, and —CH₂OH, and whereby A stands for —CH₂OH or —CHO.
 34. The optionally isotope-labelled compound according to claim 33, wherein A stands for —CH₂OH.
 35. The optionally isotope-labelled compound according to claim 33, wherein A stands for —CHO.
 36. The optionally isotope-labelled compound according to one of claims 33 to 35, wherein R¹ is H and R² is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ and —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂.
 37. The optionally isotope-labelled compound according to one of claims 33 to 35, wherein R² is H and R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ and —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂.
 38. The optionally isotope-labelled compound according to one of claims 33 to 37, whereby said group consists of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂.
 39. Optionally isotope-labelled 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate salt or a protonated form thereof.
 40. Optionally isotope-labelled (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate salt or a protonated form thereof.
 41. Optionally isotope-labelled (Z)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate salt or a protonated form thereof.
 42. Use of a compound according to one of claims 33 to 41, notably according to claim 38, for screening for genes, enzymes or inhibitors of the biosynthesis of isoprenoids or terpenoids, either in vitro in the presence of an electron donor or in vivo.
 43. Use of a compound according to one of claims 33 to 41, notably according to claim 40, as an immunomodulatory agent.
 44. Use of a compound according to one of claims 33 to 41, notably according to claim 40, for activating γδ T cells.
 45. Use of a compound according to one of claims 33 to 41, notably according to claim 40, for the preparation of a medicament.
 46. Pharmaceutical composition containing a compound according to one of claims 33 to 41, notably according to claim 36 or 40, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 47. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 46 further comprising an antibiotically active compound.
 48. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 47, wherein the antibiotically active compound is bacteriostatic.
 49. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 47, wherein the antibiotically active compound inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
 50. A method of treating a pathogen infection comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition according to one of claims 46 to
 49. 51. Monoclonal or polyclonal antibody against a compound of one of claims 33 to
 41. 52. A method of detecting a pathogen, notably in a body fluid, by using the antibody of claim
 51. 53. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claims 15 to 24 for the production of a protein in an enzymatically competent form for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.
 54. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claims 15 to 24 for the production of a protein in an enzymatically competent form for the conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 55. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claims 15 to 24 for the production of proteins in an enzymatically competent form for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 56. A method of altering the expression level of the gene product(s) of ispG and/or ispH in cells comprising (a) transforming host cells with the ispG and/or ispH gene, (b) growing the transformed host cells of step (a) under conditions that are suitable for the efficient expression of ispG and/or ispH, resulting in production of altered levels of the ispG and/or ispH gene product(s) in the transformed cells relative to expression levels of untransformed cells.
 57. Method of identifying an inhibitior of an enzyme functional for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably its E-form, of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway by the following steps: (a) incubating a mixture containing said enzyme with its, optionally isotope-labeled, substrate 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate under conditions suitable for said conversion in the presence and in the absence of a potential inhibitor, (b) subsequently determining the concentration of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and/or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, and (c) comparing the concentration in the presence and in the absence of said potential inhibitor.
 58. Method of identifying an inhibitior of an enzyme functional for the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably its E-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway by the following steps: (a) incubating a mixture containing said enzyme with its, optionally isotope-labeled, substrate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate under conditions suitable for said conversion in the presence and in the absence of a potential inhibitor, (b) determining the concentration of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate, and (c) comparing the concentration in the presence and in the absence of said potential inhibitor.
 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein step (a) is carried out in the presence of FAD.
 60. The method of one of claims 57 to 59, which further comprises preparing cells recombinantly endowed with a gene coding for said enzyme, culturing said cells, preparing a crude extract of said cells, and using said crude extract in step (a).
 61. The method according to one of claims 57 to 60, wherein said enzyme is a plant enzyme.
 62. The method according to one of claims 57 to 60, wherein said enzyme is an enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum.
 63. The method according to one of claims 57 to 60, wherein said enzyme is a bacterial enzyme.
 64. The method according to one of claims 57 to 60, wherein the incubation of step (a) is carried out in the presence of a sulfhydryl reductant e.g. dithiothreitol.
 65. The method according to one of claims 57 to 64, wherein the incubation in step (a) is carried out in the presence of a phosphatase inhibitor.
 66. The method according to claim 65, wherein the phosphatase inhibitor is an alkali fluoride.
 67. The method according to one of claims 57 to 66, wherein the incubation of step (a) is carried out in the presence of NADH or NADPH.
 68. The method according to one of claims 57 to 67, wherein the incubation in step (a) is carried out in the presence of an inhibitor of an enzyme acting downstream of isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 69. The method according to one of claims 57 to 68, wherein the incubation of step (a) is carried out in the presence of a salt selected from the group of Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ni²⁺ salts.
 70. The method according to one of claims 57 to 69, wherein step (b) is carried out by reversed phase ion-pair HPLC chromatography.
 71. The method according to one of claims 57 to 69, wherein step (b) is carried out by determining the consumption of NADH or NADPH.
 72. The method according to one of claims 57 to 71, which is carried out on many potential inhibitors simultaneously or consecutively in a high-throughput screening.
 73. A process for the efficient in vivo synthesis of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate; optionally isotope labelled, in salt form or in protonated form, by the following steps: (a) culturing cells, preferably bacterial cells, recombinantly endowed in accordance with one of claims 15 to 24 for said synthesis for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) optionally adding glucose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; (e) separating and purifying optionally isotope-labelled 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate; or dimethylallyl diphosphate; in salt form or in protonated form, optionally by preparative chromatography.
 74. A process for screening chemical libraries for the presence or absence of inhibition of the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, notably by blocking the biosynthesis of the intermediates 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate, said screening comprising: (a) culturing cells, preferably bacterial cells, recombinantly endowed in accordance with claim 15 for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) optionally adding glucose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; whereby steps (a) to (d) are carried out in the presence and in the absence of a prospective inhibitor; (e) detecting difference(s) in the level(s) of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate; between the presence and absence of the prospective inhibitor; and (f) correlating said detected difference(s) with the presence or absence of an above-defined inhibition.
 75. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof for the efficient formation of a biosynthetic product or intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway to isoprenoids or terpenoids, characterized by (a) first recombinant endowment with a gene functional for the biosynthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose; (b) capability for the uptake of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose; and (c) recombinant endowment(s) with gene(s) being functional for the conversion of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into desired downstream C5-intermediate(s) of said pathway.
 76. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 75, wherein said gene(s) of said second recombinant endowment(s) code(s) for enzyme(s) for the formation of at least one of the following C5-intermediates of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway: (a) 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; (b) 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; (c) 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; (d) 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; (e) 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; (f) isopentenyl diphosphate; (g) dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 77. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 75 or 76, characterized by the recombinant endowment with sets of genes as follows: (a) xylB, dxr, or (b) xylB, dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); or (c) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE (formerly ychB), or (d) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF (formerly ygbB); or (e) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE); or (f) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH (formerly lytB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof and/or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 78. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 75, characterized by the recombinant endowment with xylB and ispG (formerly gcpE) and optionally at least one gene selected from the following group: dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 79. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 75, characterized by the recombinant endowment with xylB and ispH (formerly lytB) and optionally at least one gene selected from the following group: dxr; ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB); ispG (formerly gcpE) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 80. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof in accordance with claim 75, characterized by the recombinant endowment with xyl, ispG, (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) and optionally at least one gene selected from the following group: dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB); of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 81. A process for the efficient in vivo synthesis of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate; optionally isotope labelled, in salt form or in protonated form, by the following steps: (a) culturing cells, preferably bacterial cells, recombinantly endowed in accordance with one of claims 75 to 80 for said synthesis for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) adding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; (e) separating and purifying optionally isotope-labelled 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4 diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate; or dimethylallyl diphosphate; in salt form or in protonated form, by preparative chromatography.
 82. The process according to one of claims 73, 74 or 81, wherein step (a) is carried out in terrific broth medium.
 83. The process according to one of claims 73, 74, 81 or 82, wherein a source for CTP, preferably cytidine or uridine, is added in step (a).
 84. The process according to one of claims 73, 74 or 81 to 83, wherein a source of phosphorylation activity, preferably glycerol 3-phosphate and/or inorganic phosphate, is added in step (a).
 85. The process according to one of claims 73, 74 or 81 to 84 wherein a source of reduction equivalents, preferably succinate and/or lipids and/or glucose and/or glycerol and/or lactate is added in step (a).
 86. A process for screening chemical libraries for the presence or absence of inhibition of the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, notably by blocking the biosynthesis of the intermediates 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate and/or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol and/or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate and/or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and/or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate, said screening comprising: (i) carrying out the steps (a) to (d) of claim 81, preferably in combination with one of claims 82 to 85, in the presence and absence of a prospective inhibitor; (ii) detecting difference(s) in the level(s) of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate and/or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate and/or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol and/or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate and/or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and/or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate; between the presence and absence of a prospective inhibitor and (iii) correlating said detected difference(s) with the presence or absence of an above-defined inhibition.
 87. The process according to claim 74 or 86, wherein said detecting of step (ii) is done by HPLC and/or NMR spectroscopy.
 88. Vektor comprising a sequence coding for one of the recombinant endowments as defined in one of claims 75 to
 80. 89. A process for the chemical preparation of a compound of formula I or a salt thereof:

wherein A represents —CH₂OH and R¹ and R² are different from each other and one of R¹ and R² is hydrogen and the other is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—OH by the following steps: (a) converting a compound of the following formula (I):

wherein B is a protective group into a compound of the following formula (III) or (IV):

by a Wittig or Horner reagent, wherein the group D is a precursor group convertible reductively to a —CH₂—OH group; (b) reductively converting group D to a —CH₂—OH group; (c) optionally converting group —CH₂—OH obtained in step (b) into —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or salts thereof in a manner knwon per se; (d) optionally conversion to a desired salt; (e) removing the protective group B.
 90. The process according to claim 89, wherein said protective group B forms an acetal together with the remaining moiety of the compound of formula (II).
 91. The process according to claim 89 or 90, wherein said protective group B is a 2-tetrahydropyranyl group.
 92. The process according to one of claims 89 to 91, wherein group D is an alkoxycarbonyl group.
 93. The process according to one of claims 89 to 92, wherein said reduction of step (b) is performed with a metal hydride, notably an aluminium hydride or a boron hydride.
 94. The process according to one of claims 89 to 93, wherein step (c) comprises converting said —CH₂—OH group to a —CH₂-halide group.
 95. The process according to one of claims 89 to 94, wherein step (c) comprises reacting said —CH₂—OH group with a sulfonic acid halogenide, notably tosyl chloride.
 96. The process of one of claims 89 to 95, wherein step (c) comprises a reaction with phosphoric acid or diphosphoric acid or a salt thereof.
 97. The process of one of claims 89 to 96, wherein steps (a) to (c) are carried out in aprotic solvents.
 98. The process of one of claims 89 to 97, wherein step (e) is carried out by acid hydrolysis.
 99. A process for the chemical preparation of a compound of formula I or a salt thereof:

wherein A represents —CH₂OH or —CHO, R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—OH by the following steps: (a) converting 2-methyl-2-vinyl-oxiran into 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al; (b) converting 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al to its acetal; (c) substituting the chlorine atom in the product of step (b) by a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or a pyrophosphate group; (d) hydrolysing the acetal obtained in step (c) to produce an aldehyde group; (e) optionally converting the aldehyde group of the product of step (d) to a —CH₂OH group.
 100. The process of claim 99, wherein step (a) is carried out in the presence of CuCl₂.
 101. The process of claim 99 or 100, wherein step (b) is carried out in the presence of an ortho alkyl ester of formic acid.
 102. The process of one of claims 99 to 101, wherein R² is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ and step (c) is carried out by reacting the product of step (b) with a tetra-alkylammonium pyrophosphate or a tetra-alkylammonium phosphate, respectively, in a polar aprotic solvent.
 103. The process of one of claims 99 to 102, wherein step (e) is performed with an alkali metal borohydride in aqueous solution. 